Surgical procedures in pediatric chest infectious diseases; Empyema, a rare lung infection-related disease, is a common thoracic surgery. It aims to restore lung function and minimize hospitalization time without complications. Traditional antibiotic treatment is used, but timely surgical interventions can improve patient outcomes. Vascular endoscopy (VATD) is a less invasive method of decortication, but may not be safe for seriously ill patients or those with reduced lung function. VATS can be used in empyema patients requiring surgery, but complete decortication and fluid aspiration are crucial to avoid failure and increased morbidity and mortality.