Inherited diseases are caused by mutations or genetic changes in an individual’s DNA, leading to familial inheritance patterns. These diseases can be categorized into monogenic, multifactorial, and chromosomal diseases. Understanding the genetic basis of these diseases is crucial for identifying their causes and developing genetic counseling services. Common hereditary diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and Huntington’s disease, result from specific genetic disorders and exhibit various symptoms, which can guide early diagnosis and treatment. Knowledge of genetic risk factors and inheritance models is essential for comprehending disease susceptibility and aiding in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Genetic counseling and testing play vital roles in managing inherited diseases by assessing risks and facilitating early detection and personalized treatment plans.