Every year, millions of children are affected by natural disasters, resulting in physical injuries and severe psychological issues such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study examines the extensive impacts of natural disasters on children and the critical roles of pediatric nurses in this context. The study provides a detailed analysis of the specific effects of geophysical, hydrological, meteorological, climatological, biological, and extraterrestrial impact disasters on children. It emphasizes how natural disasters adversely affect children’s physical, emotional, and social development. The knowledge and skills required for pediatric nurses to provide emergency care, psychological support, and ensure safety for children after disasters are discussed. The contributions of nurses to the recovery processes of children following trauma are elaborated. The study offers recommendations for protecting and supporting children in the face of natural disasters, providing essential information on strategies to minimize the devastating impacts of these events.