Release Date: 2024-05-31

Current Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease

Muzaffer Mukemre (Author), Abdullah Dalar (Author)

Release Date: 2024-05-31

This chapter presents botanical and chemical properties, and therapeutic potential in neurological diseases of medicinal plants currently utilized in Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurological brain disease that accompanied by movement disorders. Currently used modern medicines such as levodopa have serious side effects and therefore safe, and effective medicines from natural [...]

Media Type
    Buy from

    Price may vary by retailers

    Work TypeBook Chapter
    Published inBrain Health and Medicinal Plants
    First Page133
    Last Page168
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359241.8
    Page Count36
    Copyright HolderNobel Tıp Kitabevleri
    Licensehttps://nobelpub.com/publish-with-us/copyright-and-licensing

    This chapter presents botanical and chemical properties, and therapeutic potential in neurological diseases of medicinal plants currently utilized in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurological brain disease that accompanied by movement disorders. Currently used modern medicines such as levodopa have serious side effects and therefore safe, and effective medicines from natural sources with minimized side effects are necessary for the management and/or treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Natural sources especially plant-based materials are rich in antioxidant compounds and therefore, they can be examined for the discovery of new drugs that can be used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Within this chapter 18 common medicinal plants including Centella asiatica, Panax ginseng, Carthamus tinctorius, Mucuna pruriens, Gingko biloba, Hypericum perforatum, Ocimum santam, Hibiscus asper, Sida cordifolia, Tinospora cordifolia, Peganum harmala, Paeonia lactiflora, Bacopa monnieri, Polygola tenuifolia, Polygonum cuspidatum, Withania somnifera, Camellia sinensis, and Curcuma longa were reviewed. All medicinal plants reported in this chapter were found to have a common mode of action, namely stabilizing redox and stimulating mitochondrial function. It was determined that the chemical compounds of the plant species mentioned in this chapter have significant anti-Parkinson performance and therefore can be examined in clinical Parkinson’s studies which targeted for the discovery of natural-based effective and safe anti-Parkinson drugs.

    Muzaffer Mukemre (Author)
    Associate Professor, Hakkari University
    https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6154-6603
    3Dr Muzaffer Mukemre earned his bachelor degree in Biology. He earned his MSc and PhD degrees in Botany. He has been worked in plant sciences including ethnobotany, taxonomy, pharmaceutial botany, and phytochemistry since 2010. He contributed plant sciences by publishing several research articles and book chapters. He has been worked in Hakkari University. He is co-founder of Hakkari University Biodiversity Research Herbarium (VPH) and researcher in Mardin Artuklu University Herbarium (MARIUM).

    Abdullah Dalar (Author)
    Assistant Professor, Hakkari University
    https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0080-2519
    3Dr Abdullah Dalar completed his bachelor education in Biology. He earned his MSc degree in Plant Biotechnology, PhD degree in Plant Biology, and associate professorship degree in Pharmaceutical Botany and Pharmacognosy. He is self-motivated, creative researcher with 15 years of plant sciences (botanical and ecological studies), specialising in botany (including systematics, pharmaceutical botany), ethnobotany, plant conservation, plant ecology, and plant analytical studies (chemical composition and biological activities). He published several research articles indexed in WOS and contributed several book chapters regards to Plant Sciences. He has been worked as a researcher both in Türkiye (Van Yuzuncu Yil University and Mardin Artuklu University) and Australia (Western Sydney University and CSIRO Australia). He is co-founder of Hakkari University Biodiversity Research Herbarium (VPH) and Mardin Artuklu University Herbarium (MARIUM).

    • Pahwa R, Lyons KE. Treatment of early Parkinson's disease. Curr Opin Neurol. 2014; 27(4): 442-9. 1. 2.Tysnes OB, Storstein A. Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2017;124(8):901-905.

    • Fernandes HJR, Patikas N, Foskolou S, et al. Single-Cell Transcriptomics of Parkinson's Disease Human In Vitro Models Reveals Dopamine Neuron-Specific Stress Responses. Cell Rep. 2020;33(2):108263.

    • Lotharius J, Brundin P. Impaired dopamine storage resulting from alpha-synuclein mutations may contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet. 2002;11(20):2395-2407.

    • Şirinocak P, Tunçay N. Özçelik M, Şener U, Zorlu Y. Parkinson Hastalığında Motor Semptomların Başlama Tarafı ile Kognitif Disfonksiyon Arasındaki İlişki. Journal of Neurological Sciences. 2009; 26: (2): 179-84.

    • Mahoney-Sánchez L, Bouchaoui H, Ayton S, Devos D, Duce JA, Devedjian JC. Ferroptosis and its potential role in the physiopathology of Parkinson's Disease. Prog Neurobiol. 2021;196:101890.

    • Pathak-Gandhi N, Vaidya AD. Management of Parkinson's disease in Ayurveda: Medicinal plants and adjuvant measures. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017;197:46-51.

    • Nagrik S.U. et al. Herbal drugs Used on Parkinson Disease. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2020;10/4:235–239.

    • McNaught KS, Olanow CW. Proteolytic stress: a unifying concept for the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.

    • Chen Z, Li G, Liu J. Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: Implications for pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Neurobiol Dis. 2020;134:104700.

    • Connolly BS, Lang AE. Pharmacological treatment of Parkinson disease: a review. JAMA. 2014; 311(16): 1670-83.

    • Yin R, Xue J, Tan Y, et al. The Positive Role and Mechanism of Herbal Medicine in Parkinson's Disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021;2021:9923331.

    • Gao C, Liu J, Tan Y, Chen S. Freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology, risk factors and treatments. Transl Neurodegener. 2020;9:12.

    • Chia SJ, Tan EK, Chao YX. Historical Perspective: Models of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(7):2464.

    • Rogers G, Davies D, Pink J, Cooper P. Parkinson's disease: summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ. 2017 Jul 27;358:j1951.

    • Udumalagala G.C, Peramune A.A.S and Prasad K. Gotu kola (Centella asiatica): nutritional properties and plausible health benefits. In Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. ed. J. Henry (Amsterdam: Elsevier). 2015;125–157.

    • Gohil K, Patel J and Gajjar A. Pharmacological review on Centella asiatica: A potential herbal cure-all. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2010;72:546.

    • Wang L, Guo T, Guo Y andXu Y. Asiaticoside produces an antidepressant‑like effect in a chronic unpredictable mild stress model of depression in mice, involving reversion of inflammation and the PKA/pCREB/BDNF signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep. 2020;22:2364–2372.

    • Chen Y, Han T, Qin L, Rui Y and Zheng H. Effect of total triterpenes from Centella asiatica on the depression behavior and concentration of amino acid in forced swimming mice. Zhong Yao Cai Zhongyaocai J Chin Med Mater. 2003;26:870–873.

    • Akbar S. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban (Apiaceae/Umbelliferae). In Handbook of 200 Medicinal Plants. Springer, Cham. 2020; 573-588.

    • Duke J. The Green Pharmacy Herbal Handbook: Your Comprehensive Reference to the Best Herbs for Healing. Emmaus, PA: Rodale; 2000;115-116.

    • Yuan HD, Kim JT, Kim SH, Chung SH. Ginseng and diabetes: the evidences from in vitro, animal and human studies. J Ginseng Res. 2012;36(1):27-39.

    • Ramesh T, Kim SW, Hwang SY, Sohn SH, Yoo SK, Kim SK. Panax ginseng reduces oxidative stress and restores antioxidant capacity in aged rats. Nutr Res. 2012;32(9):718-726.

    • Lü JM, Yao Q, Chen C. Ginseng compounds: an update on their molecular mechanisms and medical applications. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2009;7(3):293-302.

    • Kim J.K, Tabassum N, Uddin M.R, et al. Ginseng: a miracle sources of herbal and pharmacological uses. Orient Pharm Exp Med. 2016;16:243–250.

    • Choi JH, Jang M, Nah SY, Oh S, Cho IH. Multitarget effects of Korean Red Ginseng in animal model of Parkinson's disease: antiapoptosis, antioxidant, antiinflammation, and maintenance of blood-brain barrier integrity. J Ginseng Res. 2018;42(3):379-388.

    • Yu D, Zhang P, Li J, et al. Neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba dropping pills in Parkinson's disease. J Pharm Anal. 2021;11(2):220-231.

    • Davis P.H., (ed.). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 5, Edinburgh, Edinburgh Univ. Press, 1975;623-624.

    • Li H, Liang B, Cao Y, et al. Effects of Chinese herbal medicines on lifespan in Drosophila. Exp Gerontol. 2021;154:111514.

    • Lei H, Ren R, Sun Y, et al. Neuroprotective Effects of Safflower Flavonoid Extract in 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Model of Parkinson's Disease May Be Related to its Anti-Inflammatory Action. Molecules. 2020;25(21):5206.

    • Arunachalam K, Yang X, San TT. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers: Protection mechanisms and strategies against oxidative stress-related diseases. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022;283:114540.

    • Deokar G, Kakulte H and Kshirsagar S. Phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of Mucuna pruriens: A review. Pharmaceutical and Biological Evaluations. 2016;3(1):50-59.

    • Johnson SL, Park HY, DaSilva NA, Vattem DA, Ma H, Seeram NP. Levodopa-Reduced Mucuna pruriens Seed Extract Shows Neuroprotective Effects against Parkinson's Disease in Murine Microglia and Human Neuroblastoma Cells, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila melanogaster. Nutrients. 2018;10(9):1139.

    • Rai SN, Chaturvedi VK, Singh P, Singh BK, Singh MP. Mucuna pruriens in Parkinson's and in some other diseases: recent advancement and future prospective. 3 Biotech. 2020;10(12):522.

    • Dörken V.M. Morphology, anatomy and vasculature in leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae, Ginkgoales) under functional and evolutionary aspects. Feddes Repertorium. 2013;124:80–97.

    • More M.P, Motule A.S, Dongare P.N, Patinge P.A, Jawarkar R.D, Bakal R.L and Manwar J.V. Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical application of Ginkgo biloba. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2021;16(2):229-240.

    • Noor-E-Tabassum, Das R, Lami MS, et al. Ginkgo biloba: A Treasure of Functional Phytochemicals with Multimedicinal Applications. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022;2022:8288818.

    • Yu D, Zhang P, Li J, et al. Neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba dropping pills in Parkinson's disease. J Pharm Anal. 2021;11(2):220-231.

    • Yin R, Xue J, Tan Y, et al. The Positive Role and Mechanism of Herbal Medicine in Parkinson's Disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021;2021:9923331.

    • Davis P.H, Cullen J, Coode M.J.E., (ed.) Flora of Turkey and The East Aegean Islands. Edinburg Univ. Pres., Edinburgh. 1967;2:15-244.

    • Oztürk Y, aydin S, Beis R, Başer KH, Berberoglu H. Effects of Hypericum perforatum L. and Hypericum calycinum L. extracts on the central nervous system in mice. Phytomedicine. 1996;3(2):139-46.

    • Shrivastava M and Dwivedi L. Therapeutic potential of Hypericum perforatum: a review. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2015;6(12):4982-4988.

    • Maggi F, Cecchini C, Cresci A, et al. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from several Hypericum taxa (Guttiferae) growing in central Italy (Appennino Umbro-Marchigiano). Chem Biodivers. 2010;7(2):447-466.

    • Zhao J, Liu W, Wang JC. Recent advances regarding constituents and bioactivities of plants from the genus Hypericum. Chem Biodivers. 2015;12(3):309-349.

    • Sánchez-Reus MI, Gómez del Rio Ma, Iglesias I, Elorza M, Slowing K, Benedí J. Standardized Hypericum perforatum reduces oxidative stress and increases gene expression of antioxidant enzymes on rotenone-exposed rats. Neuropharmacology. 2007;52(2):606-16.

    • Ali M. Indigenous traditional drugs: InTextbook of Pharmacognosy.1sted.Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributors. 1994;312–313.

    • Agarwal P, Nagesh L; Murlikrishnan. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of various concentrations of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) extract against Streptococcus mutans: an in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res. 2010;21(3):357-359.

    • Gupta P, Yadav DK, Siripurapu KB, Palit G, Maurya R. Constituents of Ocimum sanctum with antistress activity. J Nat Prod. 2007;70(9):1410-1416.

    • Baskaran X. Preliminary Phytochemical Studies and Antibacterial Activity of Ocimum sanctum L. Ethnobotanical Leaflets. 2008;12:1236-1239.

    • Kumar R, Saha P, Lokare P, Datta K, Selvakumar P and Chourasia A. A Systemic Review of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi): Morphological Characteristics, Phytoconstituents and Therapeutic Applications. International Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology. 2022.;9(2):221–226.

    • Redkar R.G, Peshattiwar V.V and Sathaye S. Neuroprotective effects of Ocimum sanctum, Linn. extract on MPTP-induced oxidative and nitrosative stress markers in male mouse brain. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2017;8-4:1694–1700.

    • Lucian H, Veronica B, Harquin S.F, Alin C, Ionela L.S, Daniel T and Emil A. Antioxidative effects of the methanolic extract of Hibiscus asper leaves in mice. Rom Biotech Lett. 2014;19(3):9376 – 9383.

    • Hritcu L, Foyet HS, Stefan M, Mihasan M, Asongalem AE, Kamtchouing P. Neuroprotective effect of the methanolic extract of Hibiscus asper leaves in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137(1):585-591.

    • Jain A, Choubey S, Singour P, Rajak H, Pawar R. Sida cordifolia (Linn)–an overview. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2011;1(2):23-31.

    • Silveira A, Gomes M, Silva Filho R, Santos M, Medeiros I, Barbosa Filho J. Evaluation of the cardiovascular effects of vasicine, an alkaloid isolated from the leaves of Sida cordifolia L.(Malvaceae). Rev Bras Farmacogn. 2003;13:37-9.

    • Halde U, Wake R, Patil N. Genus Sida–The plants with ethnomedicinal and therapeutic potential. Gold Res Thoughts. 2011;1:1-4.

    • Sharma AK. Medicinal properties of Bala (Sida cordifolia Linn. and its species). Int J Ayurveda Pharma Res. 2013;1(2):1-9.

    • Pallela PNVK, Ummey S, Ruddaraju LK, Pammi S, Yoon SG. Ultra Small, monodispersed green synthesized silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Sida cordifolia plant and investigation of antibacterial activity. Microb Pathog. 2018;124:63-9.

    • Pallela PNVK, Ummey S, Ruddaraju LK, et al. Antibacterial efficacy of green synthesized α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles using Sida cordifolia plant extract. Heliyon. 2019;5(11):e02765.

    • Anjaneyulu J, R V, Godbole A. Differential effect of Ayurvedic nootropics on C. elegans models of Parkinson's disease. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2020;11(4):440-447.

    • Bharathi C, Reddy AH, Nageswari G, Lakshmi BS, Soumya M, Vanisri DS and Venkatappa B. A review on medicinal properties of Tinospora cordifolia. International Journal of Scientific Research and Review. 2018;7(12):585-598.

    • Sharma P, Dwivedee BP, Bisht D, Dash AK and Kumar D. .The chemical constituents and diverse pharmacological importance of Tinospora cordifolia. Heliyon. 2019;5:e02437.

    • Sharma A, Bajaj P, Bhandari A, Kaur G. From ayurvedic folk medicine to preclinical neurotherapeutic role of a miraculous herb, Tinospora cordifolia. Neurochem Int. 2020;141:104891.

    • Mina CN, Farzaei MH, Gholamreza A. Medicinal properties of Peganum harmala L. in traditional Iranian medicine and modern phytotherapy: a review. J Tradit Chin Med. 2015;35(1):104-109.

    • Rezaei M, Nasri S, Roughani M, Niknami Z, Ziai Sa. Peganum Harmala L. Extract Reduces Oxidative Stress and Improves Symptoms in 6-Hydroxy-dopamine-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Rats. Iran J Pharm Res. 2016;15(1):275-81.

    • Kwon SH, Lee SR, Park YJ, et al. Suppression of 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Oxidative Stress by Hyperoside Via Activation of Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling in Dopaminergic Neurons. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(23):5832.

    • Zhao D-D, Jiang L-L, Li H-Y, Yan P-F, Zhang Y-L. Chemical Components and Pharmacological Activities of Terpene Natural Products from the Genus Paeonia. Molecules. 2016; 21(10):1362.

    • Du W, Liang X, Wang S, Lee P, Zhang Y. The Underlying Mechanism of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. in Parkinson's Disease Based on a Network Pharmacology Approach. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:581984.

    • Benameur T, Soleti R, Panaro MA, et al. Curcumin as Prospective Anti-Aging Natural Compound: Focus on Brain. Molecules. 2021;26(16):4794.

    • Cirik S, Cirik Ş and Conk Dalay M. Su bitkileri II (iç su bitkilerinin biyolojisi, ekolojisi, yetiştirme teknikleri). Ege Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fak. 2011;Yayını No. 61, Ders Kitabı Dizini No: 28. İzmir, 160s.

    • Anbarsi K, Vani G, Balakrishna K and Devi CS. Effect of bacoside a on brain antioxidant status in cigarette smoke exposed rats. Life Science. 2006;78:1378- 1384.

    • Dwivedi S, Nagarajan R, Hanif K, Siddiqui HH, Nath C and Shukla R. Standardized Extract of Bacopa monniera Attenuates Okadaic Acid Induced Memory Dysfunction in Rats: Effect on Nrf2 Pathway. Evid-Based Complement Altern Med ECAM. 2013:294501

    • Shalini VT, Neelakanta SJ and Sriranjini JS. Neuroprotection with Bacopa monnieri-A review of experimental evidence. Mol Biol Rep. 2021;48:2653–2668.

    • Nemetchek MD, Stierle AA, Stierle DB and Lurie DI. The Ayurvedic plant Bacopa monnieri inhibits inflammatory pathways in the brain. J Ethnopharmacol. 2017;197:92–100.

    • Kumar N, Abichandani LG, Thawani V, Gharpure KJ, Naidu MUR and Venkat Ramana G. Efficacy of Standardized Extract of Bacopa monnieri (Bacognize®) on Cognitive Functions of Medical Students: A Six-Week, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Evid-Based Complement Altern Med ECAM. 2016:4103423

    • Vollala VR, Upadhya S and Nayak S. Effect of Bacopa monniera Linn. (brahmi) extract on learning and memory in rats – a behavioral study. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 2010;5:69-74.

    • Singh B, Pandey S, Rumman M, et al. Neuroprotective and Neurorescue Mode of Action of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst in 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-Induced Parkinson's Disease: An In Silico and In Vivo Study. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:616413.

    • Nellore J, Pauline C, Amarnath K. Bacopa monnieri Phytochemicals Mediated Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles and Its Neurorescue Effect on 1-Methyl 4-Phenyl 1,2,3,6 Tetrahydropyridine-Induced Experimental Parkinsonism in Zebrafish. J Neurodegener Dis. 2013;2013:972391.

    • Anonim 1; Polygala tenuifolia Willd. in Flora of China @ efloras.org" eFlora. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA., 2008. Web. Accessed February 2018.

    • Cheong MH, Lee SR, Yoo HS, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of Polygala tenuifolia root through inhibition of NF-κB activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 microglial cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011;137(3):1402-1408.

    • Lacaille-Dubois MA, Delaude C, Mitaine-Offer AC. A review on the phytopharmacological studies of the genus Polygala. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020;249:112417.

    • Jang D.S. Their Anti-Inflammatory Effects,” 2022.pp. 1–14.

    • Deng X, Zhao S, Liu X, et al. Polygala tenuifolia: a source for anti-Alzheimer's disease drugs. Pharm Biol. 2020;58(1):410-416.

    • Dong XZ, Huang CL, Yu BY, Hu Y, Mu LH, Liu P. Effect of Tenuifoliside A isolated from Polygala tenuifolia on the ERK and PI3K pathways in C6 glioma cells. Phytomedicine. 2014;21(10):1178-1188.

    • Cabey K, et al. Withania somnifera and Centella asiatica Extracts Ameliorate Behavioral Deficits in an In Vivo Drosophila melanogaster Model of Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants. 2022;11:1.

    • Jiang N, et al. Protective Effects and Mechanism of Radix Polygalae Against Neurological Diseases as Well as Effective Substance. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:1–12.

    • Li H, et al., “Extract of Polygala tenuifolia, Angelica tenuissima, and Dimocarpus longan Reduces Behavioral Defect and Enhances Autophagy in Experimental Models of Parkinson’s Disease,” Neuromolecular Med. 2021;23:3, 428–443.

    • Zhao X, et al., Polygalae Radix: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics. Fitoterapia. 2020;147:104759.

    • Arichi H, Kimura Y, Okuda H, Baba K, Kozawa M, Arichi S. Effects of stilbene components of the roots of Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. on lipid metabolism. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1982;30(5):1766-1770.

    • KU T.C. Flora of china. 2003;173.

    • Ke J, Li MT, Xu S, Ma J, Liu MY, Han Y. Advances for pharmacological activities of Polygonum cuspidatum- A review. Pharm Biol. 2023;61(1):177-188.

    • Liu F, Li FS, Feng ZM, et al. Neuroprotective naphthalene and flavan derivatives from Polygonum cuspidatum. Phytochemistry. 2015;110:150-159.

    • Xu Y, Zhang C, Wu F, et al. Piperine potentiates the effects of trans-resveratrol on stress-induced depressive-like behavior: involvement of monoaminergic system and cAMP-dependent pathway. Metab Brain Dis. 2016;31(4):837-848.

    • Uddin Q, Samiulla L, Singh V.K and Jamil S.S. Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Withania somnifera Dunal: a review. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2012;170-175.

    • MPS. A Comprehensive Review on Medicinal Herb Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal in Women’s Health: a Rejuvenator From Siddha Medicine. Curr Pharmacol Rep. 2022;8:72–77.

    • Wongtrakul J, Thongtan T, Kumrapich B, Saisawang C, Ketterman AJ. Neuroprotective effects of Withania somnifera’in the SH-SY5Y Parkinson cell model. Heliyon. 2021;7(10):e08172.

    • Mirjalili M, Moyano E, Bonfill M, Cusido R and Palazón J. Steroidal Lactones from Withania somnifera, an Ancient Plant for Novel Medicine. Molecules. 2009;14:2373–2393.

    • Cabey K, Long DM, Law A, et al. Withania somnifera and Centella asiatica Extracts Ameliorate Behavioral Deficits in an In Vivo Drosophila melanogaster Model of Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022;11(1):121.

    • Munir N, Mahmood Z, Shahid M, et al. Withania somnifera Chemical Constituents' In Vitro Antioxidant Potential and Their Response on Spermatozoa Parameters. Dose Response. 2022;20(1):15593258221074936.

    • Saleem S, Muhammad G, Hussain MA, Altaf M, Bukhari SNA. Withania somnifera L.: Insights into the phytochemical profile, therapeutic potential, clinical trials, and future prospective. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2020;23(12):1501-1526.

    onix_3.0::thothThoth ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::project_museProject MUSE ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::oapenOAPEN ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::jstorJSTOR ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::google_booksGoogle Books ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::overdriveOverDrive ONIX 3.0
    onix_2.1::ebsco_hostEBSCO Host ONIX 2.1
    csv::thothThoth CSV
    json::thothThoth JSON
    kbart::oclcOCLC KBART
    bibtex::thothThoth BibTeX
    doideposit::crossrefCrossRef DOI deposit
    onix_2.1::proquest_ebraryProQuest Ebrary ONIX 2.1
    marc21record::thothThoth MARC 21 Record
    marc21markup::thothThoth MARC 21 Markup
    marc21xml::thothThoth MARC 21 XML

    Share This Chapter!