Release Date: 2024-05-28

Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease: Structure and Assays

Busra Sengul Yediel (Author), Erdinc Dursun (Author), Duygu Gezen Ak (Author), Zuhal Yurttas (Author), Merve Alaylioglu (Author), Tugay Camoglu (Author)

Release Date: 2024-05-28

This section provides practical knowledge about the molecular structures, clinical use conditions, and laboratory applications of biomarkers, focusing on those currently in use, soon to be used, and those with high potential. Main biomarkers for AD diagnosis include Aβ fragments, tau protein forms, neurofilament light chain (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and alpha-synuclein (αSyn). [...]

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Work TypeBook Chapter
Published inAlzheimer’s Disease From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Practices
First Page135
Last Page152
DOIhttps://doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359166.6
ISBN978-605-335-916-6 (PDF)
LanguageENG
Page Count18
Copyright HolderNobel Tıp Kitabevleri
Licensehttps://nobelpub.com/publish-with-us/copyright-and-licensing

This section provides practical knowledge about the molecular structures, clinical use conditions, and laboratory applications of biomarkers, focusing on those currently in use, soon to be used, and those with high potential. Main biomarkers for AD diagnosis include Aβ fragments, tau protein forms, neurofilament light chain (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and alpha-synuclein (αSyn). Aβ fragments, central to AD pathology, are released by the cleavage of amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP). They form amyloid plaques and can be detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma, with specific ratios aiding in diagnosis. Tau proteins, particularly phosphorylated tau (p-tau) and total tau (t-tau), reflect neurofibrillary tangles and neurodegeneration. NfL, a marker of axonal damage, and GFAP, indicative of reactive astrogliosis, are measured in CSF and blood. αSyn, associated with synucleinopathies, forms aggregates detectable in biological samples. Detection methods include conventional immunodetection techniques like ELISA, ultrasensitive technologies like SIMOA, and amyloid seed amplification assays (SAA). These methods enable the accurate measurement of biomarkers, enhancing early diagnosis and monitoring of AD.

Erdinc Dursun (Author)
Professor, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3701-6674

Busra Sengul Yediel (Author)
Istanbul Cerrahpasa University
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2387-0557

Duygu Gezen Ak (Author)
Professor, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7611-2111
3Duygu GEZEN AK, Born in 1978. Got a B.Sc. degree in 2000 from Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Biology. Got M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in 2003 and 2009, respectively from Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology. She was the researcher in (JPND / BIOMARK-ADPD)-FP7, PI: B.Winblad) and in ADDIA Program EC Horizon 2020 (H2020-SMEINST-2-2014/#674474). She enabled the launch of plasma biomarkers of dementia and also Prion-RT-QuIC test in Turkey. She is the Co-Director of Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Unit which is the only reference laboratory (participated in AAQC) performing CSF biomarker tests in Turkey.

Zuhal Yurttas (Author)
Istanbul Cerrahpasa University
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5607-9887
3Born in 1994 in İstanbul. Got a B.Sc. degree in 2017 from Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Science, Molecular Biology and Genetics. Got a M.Sc. degree in 2021 from Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology. She has papers about the molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration, biomarkers and genetic background. Investigation of the Effect of Amyloid Beta 1-42 as a Transcription Factor on the Expression of Genes Encoded by Mitochondrial DNA is the topic of her master’s thesis. She is doing her PhD at Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Department of Neuroscience. Her PhD thesis focuses on damage to the dendritic spine. Her areas of study include biomarkers in neurodegenerative disorders, the molecular basis of neurodegeneration mechanisms, molecular mechanisms of Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease.

Tugay Camoglu (Author)
Istanbul Cerrahpasa University
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8489-9396
3He was born in Ordu in 1991. In 2016, he received his Bachelor’s degree from the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics at Istanbul University. In 2021, he completed his master’s thesis titled "The Role of Chaperones in the Intracellular Transport and Release of Fibrillar Alpha-Synuclein" and earned his master’s degree from Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology. In the same year, he began his PhD in Molecular Neurobiology and Neuroanatomy program at Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Department of Neuroscience. His research areas include cellular and molecular neuroscience, the molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration, amyloid pathologies, and biomarkers.

Merve Alaylioglu (Author)
Istanbul Cerrahpasa University
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3396-5437
3Merve ALAYLIOĞLU Born in 1989. Got a B.Sc. degree in 2011 from Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Biology. Got M.Sc. degree in 2014 from Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and and Ph.D. degree in 2021 from Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology. Currently working as Asst. Prof. at Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Unit, which is the only reference laboratory (participated in AAQC) performing CSF biomarker tests in Turkey since 2022. Worked at Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière – ICM, Laboratory of Mechanisms of Myelination and Remyelination in the Central Nervous System in 2015 as a volunteer researcher. Worked in (JPND / BIOMARK-ADPD)-FP7, PI: B.Winblad) and ADDIA Program EC Horizon 2020 -A multicentre proof of performance clinical study to validate blood-based biomarker candidates for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (H2020-SMEINST-2-2014/#674474) as a researcher.

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