Release Date: 2024-05-28

Signal Transmission

Aykut Oruc (Author), Hakki Oktay Seymen (Author), Kadriye Yagmur Oruc (Author), Merve Nur Gecin (Author)

Release Date: 2024-05-28

Signal transmission in neurons is a fundamental process that underpins brain function and behavior. This intricate communication system relies on the precise operation of ion channels and neurotransmitters. Neurons communicate through electrical signals known as action potentials. An action potential begins when a neuron receives a sufficient stimulus, causing a rapid change in the electrical [...]

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Work TypeBook Chapter
Published inAlzheimer’s Disease From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Practices
First Page37
Last Page76
DOIhttps://doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359166.2
ISBN978-605-335-916-6 (PDF)
LanguageENG
Page Count40
Copyright HolderNobel Tıp Kitabevleri
Licensehttps://nobelpub.com/publish-with-us/copyright-and-licensing

Signal transmission in neurons is a fundamental process that underpins brain function and behavior. This intricate communication system relies on the precise operation of ion channels and neurotransmitters. Neurons communicate through electrical signals known as action potentials. An action potential begins when a neuron receives a sufficient stimulus, causing a rapid change in the electrical charge across its membrane. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic neuron. Common neurotransmitters include glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. Each neurotransmitter binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, causing ion channels to open or close, which alters the postsynaptic membrane potential. This section delves into the mechanisms of signal transmission within neurons, detailing action potential generation and propagation and the roles of ion channels and membrane potential. It offers a comprehensive analysis of synaptic transmission, explaining how neurons communicate through neurotransmitters and receptor interactions, emphasizing their role in brain information processing. Additionally, it explores the impact of metabolic dysfunctions on neuronal health, addressing how disturbances in energy metabolism can lead to neuron dysfunction and neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s. The section underscores the importance of maintaining metabolic integrity for neuronal survival and optimal function, providing a thorough understanding of neuronal physiology.

Merve Nur Gecin (Author)
Istanbul Cerrahpasa University
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0375-6538
3Merve Nur Geçin was born in 1997. She completed her primary and secondary education at Kırşehir Primary School. She completed her primary and secondary education at Kırşehir Primary School and Kırşehir Anatolian Teacher High School, respectively. In 2020, she graduated from Kırıkkale University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, earning the title of ’Veterinarian’. Her thirst for knowledge and academic excellence led her to start her academic career as a Lecturer at Istanbul University Aziz Sancar Experimental Medicine Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Animal Science, in 2021. The same year, she was appointed as the ’Responsible Veterinarian’ in the Experimental Animals Laboratory of the Department of Laboratory Animals. In 2022, she successfully completed the master’s thesis program in veterinary anatomy at Aksaray University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, earning the title of ’MSc. ’ Her academic journey continues to flourish as she embarked on the Physiology PhD program at Istanbul – Cerrahpaşa University Health Sciences Institute, where she is currently pursuing her doctoral education.

Aykut Oruc (Author)
Istanbul Cerrahpasa University
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8043-7971
3Specialist Aykut Oruç completed his medical education at Gazi University Faculty of Medicine between 2005 and 2011. From 2013 to 2014, he worked as a resident doctor in the Pediatric Surgery Department at Istanbul University, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine. Between 2014 and 2018, he completed his medical specialization in the Department of Physiology at Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, with his thesis titled "The Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3-Beta in the Potential Neuroprotective Effect of Metformin in Rats Induced with Glutamate Neurotoxicity". In 2018, Dr. Oruç received the Actelion Pulmonary Vascular Science Award and successfully completed his Electrophysiology & Clinical Electrophysiology training at Mayo Clinic in 2021. His research focuses on neurophysiology and electrophysiology, and he continues to work actively in these fields. He also provides clinical contributions at the Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, founded by Prof. Dr. Hakkı Oktay Seymen. Since 2023, Dr. Oruç has been a researcher in the TÜBİTAK 1004 Center of Excellence Support Program, under the project titled "Development of Biomarkers and Advanced Technological Warning Systems for the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Monitoring of Diseases Leading to Neuronal Damage." He is specifically involved in the sub-project "Development and Optimization of Perfect Electrodes for the Electro-Neurophysiological Diagnosis of Neuronal Damage in Experimental and Human Models”.

Kadriye Yagmur Oruc (Author)
İstinye University
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3747-5136
3Research Assistant Kadriye Yağmur Oruç completed her undergraduate studies in Biology at Abant Izzet Baysal University between 2010 and 2015, with a curriculum that included extensive English instruction. During 2013-2014, she continued her biology education at College of Nyíregyháza in Hungary through the Erasmus program. From 2015 to 2016, she completed an internship at the University of Ulm, Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology in Germany. Between 2016 and 2019, she completed her master’s degree at Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, with a thesis titled “The Effect of Titanium (Ti) and Titanium 500 (Ti 500) Implantation on Rat Macrophage Subgroup Activation,” earning the title of MSc. Since 2019, she has been advancing her PhD research program with his advisor, Prof. Dr. Hakkı Oktay Seymen, in the Department of Physiology at Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine. In 2019, she began working as a research assistant in the Department of Physiology at Istinye University Faculty of Medicine and continues to hold this position. Her research areas include neurophysiology, endocrinology, and immunology. Since 2023, Yağmur Oruç has been a researcher in the TÜBİTAK 1004 Center of Excellence Support Program project titled “Development of Biomarkers and Advanced Technological Warning Systems for the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Monitoring of Diseases Leading to Neuronal Damage,” specifically in the sub-project “Development and Optimization of Perfect Electrodes for the Electro-Neurophysiological Diagnosis of Neuronal Damage in Experimental and Human Models”.

Hakki Oktay Seymen (Author)
Professor, Istanbul Cerrahpasa University
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5096-747X
3Completed his medical education at Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine between 1981 and 1987. He then completed his medical specialization at Istanbul University, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology between 1987 and 1990, with his thesis titled "Examination of Erythrocyte Parameters, Osmotic Fragility, Viscosity, and Erythrocyte Membrane Proteins in Splenectomized Organisms." In 1999, he was awarded the title of professor. Dr. Seymen has made significant contributions to research in the fields of neurophysiology and ocular electrophysiology, establishing various laboratories in these areas. As of 2024, Prof. Dr. Seymen has a Web of Science H-index of 11. He continues to contribute to the scientific and clinic community at Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine by founding the Ocular Electrophysiology (VEP-ERG) Laboratory and the Neurophysiology Research Laboratory. Since 2023, Prof. Dr. Seymen has been the project director of the sub-project titled "Development and Optimization of Perfect Electrodes for the Electro-Neurophysiological Diagnosis of Neuronal Damage in Experimental and Human Models," under the TÜBİTAK 1004 Center of Excellence Support Program project "Development of Biomarkers and Advanced Technological Warning Systems for the Diagnosis, Treatment, and Monitoring of Diseases Leading to Neuronal Damage".

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