Release Date: 2024-06-10

Foeniculum Vulgare Mill.

Ismail Senkardes (Author)

Release Date: 2024-06-10

Foeniculum vulgare, widely recognized as Fennel, possesses a rich, past steeped in traditional applications for both medicinal and culinary uses. The herb was widely known and utilized by ancient civilizations such as the Indians, Romans, Egyptians and Chinese. Fennel has a rich history of use, encompassing its leaves, fruits, bulb, essential oil and juice, prepared [...]

Media Type
    Buy from

    Price may vary by retailers

    Work TypeBook Chapter
    Published inMedicinal Spices
    First Page165
    Last Page193
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359340.11
    Page Count29
    Copyright HolderNobel Tıp Kitabevleri
    Licensehttps://nobelpub.com/publish-with-us/copyright-and-licensing

    Foeniculum vulgare, widely recognized as Fennel, possesses a rich, past steeped in traditional applications for both medicinal and culinary uses. The herb was widely known and utilized by ancient civilizations such as the Indians, Romans, Egyptians and Chinese. Fennel has a rich history of use, encompassing its leaves, fruits, bulb, essential oil and juice, prepared in diverse forms such as teas, extracts and tinctures, have a number of functional properties and are therefore widely used in traditional medicine. In addition to medicinal use, fennel is an important plant that has a place in world cuisine due to its unique aroma and taste. F. vulgare has been used for many ethnobotanical purposes in the past and today it has become a significant resource in the management of various diseases through its phytochemical and medicinal properties, as well as its chemical activity and effects.

    Ismail Senkardes (Author)
    Assistant Professor, Marmara University
    https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2656-0319
    3İsmail ŞENKARDEŞ completed his doctorate in 2014 at the Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University. Since 2017, he has been working as an assistant professor in this department. His areas of expertise include medicinal plants, wild edible plants, ethnobotanical studies, and medicinal plant systematics.

    • Malhotra SK. Fennel and fennel seed. In Handbook of herbs and spices. Woodhead Publishing. 2012;275-302.

    • Kaur GJ, Arora DS. Antibacterial and phytochemical screening of Anethum graveolens, Foeniculum vulgare and Trachyspermum ammi. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2009;9(30).

    • Manonmani R, Abdul Khadir VM. Antibacterial screening on Foeniculum vulgare Mill. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 2011;2(4):390–394.

    • Orhan IE, Ozcelik B, Kartal M, Kan Y. Antimicrobial and antiviral effects of essential oils from selected Umbelliferae and Labiatae plants and individual essential oil components. Turkish Journal of Biology. 2012;36(3):239–246.

    • Morales P, Carvalho AM, Sanchez-Mata MC, Camara M, Molina M, Ferreira ICFR. Tocopherol composition and antioxidant activity of Spanish wild vegetables. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 2012;59(5):851–863.

    • Dua A, Garg G, Mahajan R. Polyphenols, flavonoids and antimicrobial properties of methanolic extract of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller). European Journal of Experimental Biology. 2013;3(4):203–208.

    • Malini T, Vanithakumari G, Megala N, Anusya S, Devi K, Elango V. Effect of Foeniculum vulgare. Mill seed extract on the genital organs of male and female rats. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 1985;29(1):21–26.

    • Ozbek H, Ugras S, Dulger H, et al. Hepatoprotective effect of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil. Fitoterapia. 2003;74(3):317–319.

    • Oktay M, Gulcin I, Kufrevioglu OI. Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed extracts. LWT-Food Science and Technology. 2003;36(2):263–271.

    • Pradhan M, Sribhuwaneswari S, Karthikeyan D, et al. In-vitro cytoprotection activity of Foeniculum vulgare and Helicteres isora in cultured human blood lymphocytes and antitumour activity against B16F10 melanoma cell line. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2008;1(4):450–452.

    • El-Soud N, El-Laithy AN, El-Saeed GN, et al. Antidiabetic activities of Foeniculum vulgare mill. Essential oil in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2011;4(2):139–146.

    • Ke W, Wang H, Zhao X, Lu Z. Foeniculum vulgare seed extract exerts anti-cancer effects on hepatocellular carcinoma. Food & Function. 2021;12(4):1482-1497.

    • Ke W, Zhao X, Lu Z. Foeniculum vulgare seed extract induces apoptosis in lung cancer cells partly through the down-regulation of Bcl-2. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2021a;135:111213.

    • Koppula S, Kumar H. Foeniculum vulgare Mill (Umbelliferae) attenuates stress and improves memory in Wister rats. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2013;12(4):553–558.

    • Garg C, Khan SA, Ansari SH, Suman A, Garg M. Chemical composition, therapeutic potential and perspectives of Foeniculum vulgare. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2009;3(6):346–352.

    • He W, Huang B. A review of chemistry and bioactivities of a medicinal spice: Foeniculum vulgare. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2011;5(16):3595–3600.

    • Rather MA, Dar BA, Sofi SN, Bhat BA, Qurishi MA. Foeniculum vulgare: a comprehensive review of its traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and safety. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2012.

    • Jamwal NS, Kumar S, Rana AC. Phytochemical and pharmacological review on Foeniculum vulgare. 2013;4:327–341.

    • Grover S, Malik CP, Hora A, Kushwaha HB. Botany, cultivation, chemical constituents and genetic diversity in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill): a review. International Journal of Life Sciences. 2013;2(2):128–139.

    • Rahimi R, Ardekani MRS. Medicinal properties of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. in traditional Iranian medicine and modern phytotherapy. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2013;19(1):73–79.

    • Badgujar SB, Patel VV, Bandivdekar AH. Foeniculum vulgare Mill: a review of its botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, contemporary application, and toxicology. BioMed Research International. 2014.

    • Weiss EA. Spice crops. New York: CABI Publishing. 2002;291-295.

    • Chadwick J. The Mycenaean World. Cambridge University Press. 1976.

    • Charles DJ. Antioxidant Properties of Spices, Herbs and Other Sources. Springer Science+Business Media, New York; 2013. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4310-0_2.

    • Clevely A, Richmond K, Sallie M, Mackley L. The Encyclopaedia of Herbs and Spices. Hermes House, London; 1997.

    • WFO. World Flora Online. www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000014894. 2024. (Access Date: 20.05.2024).

    • Miller P. Gardeners Dictionary. Edition 8, no. 2. London; 1768.

    • Muckensturm B, Foechterlen D, Reduron JP, Danton P, Hildenbrand M. Phytochemical and chemotaxonomic studies of Foeniculum vulgare. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 1997;25(4):353–358.

    • Malhotra SK. Recent advances in seed spices research–a review. Annals of Plant and Soil Research. 2016;18:300-308.

    • Debnath S, Kumar H, Sharma A. Foeniculum vulgare from Spice to Pharma: Recent Advances in Its Medicinal Value, Bioactivities and Perspectives. Traditional and Integrative Medicine. 2023;217-229.

    • WFO. World Flora Online. www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000691487. 2024. (Access Date: 20.05.2024).

    • Hedge IC, Lamond JM. Foeniculum Miller in Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Ed. P.H. Davis), 1972; 4. University Press, Edinburgh.

    • Tuzlacı E. Türkiye Bitkileri Sözlüğü - A Dictionary of Turkish Plants. Second ed. Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul; 2011.

    • Akbar S. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.): A Common spice with unique medicinal properties. Annals of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2018;1:1-12.

    • Siyahi M, Shiravi A, Heydari N. Effect of hydro extract of fennel on prolactine and lactation in female Rat (Wistar). Journal of Animal Science. 2009;1(3):55–63.

    • Taherian A, Dehghanina M, Vafaei A, Sadeghi H, Miladi Gorgi H. Effects of aqueous extract of fruit of Foeniculum vulgare on neurogenic and infamatory pain in mice. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. 2007;12(2):29–36.

    • Ody P. The Complete Medicinal Herbal: A Practical Guide to the Healing Properties of Herbs. Simon and Schuster; 2017.

    • Tanira MO, Shah AH, Mohsin A, Ageel AM, Qureshi S. Pharmacological and toxicological investigations on Foeniculum vulgare dried fruit extract in experimental animals. Phytotherapy Research. 1996;10(1):33–36.

    • Khan IA, Abourashed EA. Leung’s encyclopedia of common natural ingredients: used in food, drugs and cosmetics. Wiley; 2011.

    • Dadkhah N, Eskandarian R, Rahimi-Madiseh M. The medicinal plants and plant-based products of Iran effective on dysmenorrhea. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology Research. 2016;9(5):392–406.

    • Ghorbani A. Studies on pharmaceutical ethnobotany in the region of Turkmen Sahra, north of Iran (part 1): general results. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2005;102(1):58–68.

    • Jabbar A, Raza MA, Iqbal Z, Khan MN. An inventory of the ethnobotanicals used as anthelmintics in the Southern Punjab (Pakistan). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006;108(1):152–154.

    • Jain A, Katewa SS, Galav PK, Nag A. Unrecorded ethnomedicinal uses of biodiversity from Tadgarh-Raoli wildlife sanctuary. Acta Botanica Yunnanica. 2007;29(3):337–344.

    • Wyk VB. A review of Khoi-San and Cape Dutch medical ethnobotany. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008;119(3):331–341.

    • Neves JM, Matos C, Moutinho C, Queiroz G, Gomes LR. Ethnopharmacological notes about ancient uses of medicinal plants in Tras-os-Montes (northern of Portugal). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2009;124(2):270–283.

    • Benitez G, Gonzalez-Tejero MR, Molero-Mesa J. Pharmaceutical ethnobotany in the western part of Granada province (southern Spain): ethnopharmacological synthesis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2010;129(1):87–105.

    • Savo V, Giulia C, Maria GP, David R. Folk phytotherapy of the Amalfi Coast (Campania, Southern Italy). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2011;135(2):376–392.

    • Oliveira SGD, De Moura FRR, Demarco FF, Nascente PDS, Pino FABD, Lund RG. An ethnomedicinal survey on phytotherapy with professionals and patients from Basic Care Units in the Brazilian Unified Health System. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2012;140(2):428–437.

    • Guarrera PM, Savo V. Perceived health properties of wild and cultivated food plants in local and popular traditions of Italy: a review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2013;146(3):659–680.

    • Tuzlacı E. Türkiye Bitkileri Geleneksel İlaç Rehberi. İstanbul Tıp Kitapevi; 2016. İstanbul.

    • Guarrera PM, Forti G, Marignoli S. Ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal uses of plants in the district of Acquapendente (Latium, Central Italy). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2005;96(3):429–444.

    • Macia MJ, Garcia E, Vidaurre PJ. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants commercialized in the markets of La Paz and El Alto, Bolivia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2005;97(2):337–350.

    • Jaric S, Popovic Z, Macukanovic-Jocic M et al. An ethnobotanical study on the usage of wild medicinal herbs from Kopaonik Mountain (Central Serbia). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007;111(1):160–175.

    • Kumar M, Paul Y, Anand VK. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the locals in Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Ethnobotanical Leaflets. 2009;13(10):1240–1256.

    • Lewu FB, Afolayan AJ. Ethnomedicine in South Africa: the role of weedy species. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2009;8(6):929–934.

    • Mitra S, Mukherjee SK. Ethnomedicinal usages of some wild plants of North Bengal plain for gastro-intestinal problems. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. 2010;9(4):705–712.

    • Alzweiri M, Sarhan AA, Mansi K, Hudaib M, Aburjai T. Ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal herbs in Jordan, the Northern Badia region. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2011;137(1):27–35.

    • Calvo MI, Akerreta S, Cavero RY. Pharmaceutical ethnobotany in the Riverside of Navarra (Iberian Peninsula). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2011;135(1):22–33.

    • Mesfin A, Giday M, Animut A, Teklehaymanot T. Ethnobotanical study of antimalarial plants in Shinile District, Somali Region, Ethiopia, and in vivo evaluation of selected ones against Plasmodium berghei. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2012;139(1):221–227.

    • Halberstein RA. Botanical medicines for diuresis: crosscultural comparisons. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry. 2012;37:1–41.

    • Bulut G, Tuzlaci E. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Turgutlu (Manisa-Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2013;149(3):633–647.

    • Juarez-Vazquez MDC, Carranza-Alvarez C, Alonso-Castro AJ et al. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants used in Xalpatlahuac, Guerrero, Mexico. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2013;148(2):521–527.

    • Al-Snafi AE. The chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Foeniculum vulgare-A review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR). 2018;8(05):81-96.

    • Diaz-Maroto MC, Perez-Coello MS, Esteban J, Sanz J. Comparison of the volatile composition of wild fennel samples (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) from Central Spain. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2006;54:6814–6818.

    • Grieve M. A modern herbal the medicinal culinary cosmetic and economic properties cultivation and folklore of herbs, grases fungi, shrubs & trees with all their modern uses. 1970.

    • Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants, Vol. IIV, Bishen Singh Mahendra Singh, International Book Distributors, Dehra Dun, India. 1995.

    • Rasul A, Akhtar N, Khan BA, Mahmood T, Uz Zaman S, Shoaib Khan HM. Formulation development of a cream containing fennel extract: in vivo evaluation for anti-aging effects. Pharmazie. 2012;67(1):54–58.

    • Akgul A, Bayrak A. Comparative volatile oil composition of various parts from Turkish bitter fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare). Food Chemistry. 1988;30(4):319–323.

    • Tuzlacı E. Türkiye’ nin Yabani Besin Bitkileri ve Ot Yemekleri. Alfa Yayınları. İstanbul. 2011a.

    • Gross M, Lewinsohn E, Tadmor Y, Bar E, Dudai N, Cohen Y, Friedma J. The inheritance of volatile phenylpropenes in bitter fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill. var. vulgare Apiaceae) chemotypes and their distribution within the plant. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 2009;37:308–316.

    • Anubhuti P, Rahul S, Kant KC. Standardization of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), its oleoresin and marketed ayurvedic dosage forms. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research. 2011;3(3):265–9.

    • Mohamad RH, El-Bastawesy AM, Abdel-Monem MG, Noor AM, Al-Mehdar HA, Sharawy SM, El-Merzabani MM. Antioxidant and anticarcinogenic effects of methanolic extract and volatile oil of fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare). Journal of Medicinal Food. 2011;14(9):986–1001.

    • El-Khrisy E, Mahmoud A, Abu-Mustafa E. Chemical constituents of Foeniculum vulgare fruits. Fitoterapia. 1980.

    • Bernath J, Kattaa A, Nemeth E, Frank R. Production-biological investigation of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) populations of different genotypes. Atti del Convegno Internazionale. 1994:287–92.

    • Singh G, Maurya S, De Lampasona M, Catalan C. Chemical constituents, antifungal and antioxidative potential of Foeniculum vulgare volatile oil and its acetone extract. Food Control. 2006;17(9):745–52

    • Nassar MI, Aboutabl EA, Makled YA, El-Khrisy EA, Osman AF. Secondary metabolites and pharmacology of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Subsp. Piperitum. Revista latinoamericana de química. 2010;38(2):103–12.

    • Moura LS, Carvalho RN Jr, Stefanini MB, Ming LC, Meireles MAA. Supercritical fluid extraction from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare): global yield, composition and kinetic data. Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 2005;35(3):212–19.

    • Farrell KT. Spices, Condiments and Seasonings. AVI Publishing, Westport, CT; Van Nostrand, New York. 1999.

    • Harborne J, Saleh N. Flavonol glycoside variation in fennel, Foeniculum vulgare. Phytochemistry. 1971;10(2):399–400.

    • Križman M, Baričevič D, Prošek M. Determination of phenolic compounds in fennel by HPLC and HPLC–MS using a monolithic reversed-phase column. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2007;43(2):481–485.

    • Nakayama R, Kikuzaki H, Nakatani N, Horiuchi H. Antioxidative activity of constituents from fennel seeds. Journal of Home Economics of Japan. 1996;47(12):1193–9.

    • Parejo I, Viladomat F, Bastida J, Codina C. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of antioxidative phenolic compounds in fennel using a narrow bore reversed phase C18 column. Analytica Chimica Acta. 2004;512(2):271–80.

    • Soliman FM, Shehata AH, Khaleel AE, Ezzat SM. An acylated kaempferol glycoside from flowers of Foeniculum vulgare and F. dulce. Molecules. 2002;7(2):245–251.

    • Ono M, Masuoka C, Ito Y, Niiho Y, Kinjo J, Nohara T. Antioxidative and antihyaluronidase activities of some constituents from Foeniculi Fructus (fruit of Foeniculum vulgare Miller). Food Science and Technology International. 1997;3(1):53–5.

    • Albert-Puleo M. Fennel and anise as estrogenic agents. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1980;2(4):337–344.

    • Forster HB, Niklas H, Lutz S. Antispasmodic effects of some medicinal plants. Planta Medica. 1980;40(4):309–319.

    • Chakurski I, Matev M, Koıchev A, Angelova I, Stefanov G. Treatment of chronic colitis with an herbal combination of Taraxacum officinale, Hipericum perforatum, Melissa officinaliss, Calendula officinalis and Foeniculum vulgare. Internal Diseases. 1981;20(6):51–54.

    • Reiter M, Brandt W. Relaxant effects on tracheal and ileal smooth muscles of the guinea pig. Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1985;35(1A):408–414.

    • Abdul-Ghani AS, Amin R. The vascular action of aqueous extracts of Foeniculum vulgare leaves. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1988;24(2-3):213–218.

    • Ostad SN, Soodi M, Shariffzadeh M, Khorshidi N, Marzban H. The effect of fennel essential oil on uterine contraction as a model for dysmenorrhea, pharmacology and toxicology study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2001;76(3):299–304.

    • El Bardai S, Lyoussi B, Wibo M, Morel N. Pharmacological evidence of hypotensive activity of Marrubium vulgare and Foeniculum vulgare in spontaneously hypertensive rat. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension. 2001;23(4):329–343.

    • Javidnia K, Dastgheib L, Samani SM, Nasiri A. Antihirsutism activity of Fennel (fruits of Foeniculum vulgare) extract: a double-blind placebo controlled study. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(6-7):455–458.

    • Choi E, Hwang J. Antiinflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of the fruit of Foeniculum vulgare. Fitoterapia. 2004;75(6):557–565.

    • Joshi H, Parle M. Cholinergic basis of memory-strengthening effect of Foeniculum vulgare Linn. Journal of Medicinal Food. 2006;9(3):413–417.

    • Birdane FM, Cemek M, Birdane YO, Gulcin I, Buyukokuroglu E. Beneficial effects of vulgare ethanol-induced acute gastric mucosal injury in rat. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2007;13(4):607–611.

    • Kaileh M, Vanden Berghe W, Boone E, Essawi T, Haegeman G. Screening of indigenous Palestinian medicinal plants for potential anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007;113(3):510–516.

    • Subehan, Zaidi SF, Kadota S, Tezuka Y. Inhibition on human liver cytochrome P450 3A4 by constituents of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare): identification and characterization of a mechanism-based inactivator. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2007;55(25):10162–10167.

    onix_3.0::thothThoth ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::project_museProject MUSE ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::oapenOAPEN ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::jstorJSTOR ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::google_booksGoogle Books ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::overdriveOverDrive ONIX 3.0
    onix_2.1::ebsco_hostEBSCO Host ONIX 2.1
    csv::thothThoth CSV
    json::thothThoth JSON
    kbart::oclcOCLC KBART
    bibtex::thothThoth BibTeX
    doideposit::crossrefCrossRef DOI deposit
    onix_2.1::proquest_ebraryProQuest Ebrary ONIX 2.1
    marc21record::thothThoth MARC 21 Record
    marc21markup::thothThoth MARC 21 Markup
    marc21xml::thothThoth MARC 21 XML

    Share This Chapter!