Xenobiotics are chemical substances that are not naturally found in the environment but are introduced through human activities. These substances include pesticides, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, and various synthetic compounds. The presence of xenobiotics in the environment has diverse and often detrimental effects on ecosystems and biodiversity. Xenobiotics can lead to water pollution, adversely affecting aquatic organisms. Fish and other aquatic life exposed to these chemicals may experience reproductive, growth, and behavioural issues. Accumulation of xenobiotics in soil can harm plant health and reduce agricultural productivity. These chemicals can also be absorbed by plants, entering the food chain and potentially impacting higher organisms. Some xenobiotics are carcinogenic, mutagenic, or endocrine disruptors. Human exposure to these chemicals can lead to various health problems. Studies on animals have shown that xenobiotics can disrupt organ functions and cause behavioural changes. To mitigate the accumulation of xenobiotics in the environment, biodegradation and bioremediation techniques are employed. These biological methods utilize microorganisms to break down xenobiotics into harmless compounds. However, some xenobiotics degrade very slowly, posing long-term environmental risks. Various regulations and management strategies have been developed to reduce the environmental harm caused by xenobiotics. These include safe chemical usage practices, waste management, and pollution monitoring. In conclusion, understanding and managing the environmental impacts of xenobiotics are crucial for maintaining ecological balance and protecting human health.