In this section, we examined the epidemiology and risk factors of non-invasive bladder cancer. Bladder cancer is the 10th most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. Annual new diagnosis rates appear to be on the rise. Smoking was identified as the most significant modifiable risk factor. The non-modifiable risk factors were identified as age, race, genetics, and gender. Other risk factors discussed included environmental exposures, diet, occupational exposures, metabolic diseases, and urinary infections.