Release Date: 2024-05-31

Phytotherapeutics for Alzheimer’s Disease

Fatma Mungan Kilic (Author)

Release Date: 2024-05-31

Dementia brought on by Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative condition marked by memory loss and cognitive impairment, is the result of AD. Individual differences exist in the degree of dementia and, consequently, the time at which it manifests. populations, influenced by both environmental and genetic variables. The effectiveness of treatment for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases [...]

Media Type
    Buy from

    Price may vary by retailers

    Work TypeBook Chapter
    Published inBrain Health and Medicinal Plants
    First Page109
    Last Page132
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359241.7
    Page Count24
    Copyright HolderNobel Tıp Kitabevleri
    Licensehttps://nobelpub.com/publish-with-us/copyright-and-licensing

    Dementia brought on by Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative condition marked by memory loss and cognitive impairment, is the result of AD. Individual differences exist in the degree of dementia and, consequently, the time at which it manifests. populations, influenced by both environmental and genetic variables. The effectiveness of treatment for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases is restricted to managing symptoms, even with the implementation of diverse therapeutic approaches. Treatment strategies that can postpone AD’s onset or progression will have a major impact on lowering the disease’s prevalence. Since ancient times, people have utilized medicinal plants to improve memory and treat other dementia-related issues. Studies show that therapeutic plants and the phytochemicals derived from them may be significant in the management of AD. Different plant parts, which contain numerous valuable phytochemical compounds with a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects, are powerful resources for drug development studies, even though the mechanisms of action are still unclear. This chapter provides an overview of several plants and phytochemicals that have demonstrated encouraging results in the pharmacological domain for slowing the disease’s progression and fostering the creation of successful AD treatment plans, along with an explanation

    Fatma Mungan Kilic (Author)
    Associate Professor, Mardin Artuklu University
    https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3458
    3Fatma MUNGAN KILIÇ is an associate professor at Mardin Artuklu University. She received her doctorate in Botany at Manisa Celal Bayar University. In addition to plant taxonomy, morphology and anatomy, she studied the Turkish revisions of the genera Smyrnium (wild celery) and Glaucium (horned poppy), which are distributed in Turkey. She conducts studies on the plants used by the people as medicinal and food in different districts of Mardin province with his master’s students.

    • Erdoğan Orhan İ. Plant Biodiversity as Sustainable Source of New Drug Candidates and Phytotherapeutics. 1st International Symposium on Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability. 2019;20-24.

    • Lyoussi B. Strategy for research of new pharmacologically active molecules from plants for the treatment of pathologies. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2004; 2: 16.

    • Rezai-Zadeh K, et al. Green tea epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) modulates amyloid precursor protein cleavage and reduces cerebral amyloidosis in Alzheimer transgenic mice. J Neurosci. 2005; 25: 8807- 8814.

    • Hartman RE, Shah A, Fagan AM, Schwetye KE, Parsadanian M, Schulman RN, Finn MB, Holtzman DM. Pomegranate juice decreases amyloid load and improves behavior in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2006; 24: 506-515.

    • Wang J, Ho L, Zhao W, Ono K, Rosensweig C, Chen L, Humala N, Teplow DB, Pasinetti GM Grape-derived polyphenolics prevent Abeta oligomerization and attenuate cognitive deterioration in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurosci. 2008; 28: 6388-6392.

    • Sivaraman, D. et al. Review on current treatment strategy in Alzheimer’s disease and role of herbs in treating neurological disorders. Int J Trans Res Ind Med. 2019; 1(1), 33-43.

    • Barage SH, Sonawane KD. Amyloid cascade hypothesis: Pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropeptides. 2015; 52: 1-18.

    • Alzheimer, https://www.alz.org/alzheimersdementia/research_progress/milestones (Available date 12.12.2023).

    • Yang L, Hao J, Zhang J, Xia W, Dong X, Hu X et al. Ginsenoside Rg3 promotes beta-amyloid peptide degradation by enhancing gene expression of neprilysin. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2009; 61(3):375-80.

    • Asai M, Iwata N, Yoshikawa A, Aizaki Y, Ishiura S, Saido TC et al. Berberine alters the processing of Alzheimer’e amyloid precursor protein to decrease Aβ secretion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;352(2):498-502.

    • De Oliveira JS, Abdalla FH, Dornelles GL, Adefegha SA, Palma TV, Signor C et al. Berberine protects against memory impairment and anxiogenic-like behavior in rats submitted to sporadic Alzheimer’s-like dementia: Involvement of acetylcholinesterase and cell death. Neurotoxicology. 2016; 57: 241-50.

    • Brookmeyer R, Johnson E, Ziegler-Graham K, Arrighi HM. Forecasting the global burden of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2007; 3(3):186-91.

    • Konrath EL, Passos CDS, Klein-Júnior LC, Henriques AT: Alkaloids as a source of potential anticholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2013; 65(12): 1701-1725.

    • Rao RV, Descamps O, John V, Bredesen DE: Ayurvedic medicinal plants for Alzheimer’s disease: a review. Alzheimer’s Res. Ther. 2012; 4(3): 1-9.

    • Kamran M, Kousar R, Ullah S, Khan S, Umer MF, Rashid HU, Rehman MU: Taxonomic distribution of medicinal plants for Alzheimer’s Disease: a cue to novel drugs. Int. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 2020; 1-15.

    • Penney J, Ralvenius WT, Tsai LH: Modeling Alzheimer’s disease with iPSC-derived brain cells. Mol. Psychiatry. 2020; 25(1): 148-167.

    • Williamson J, Goldman J, Marder KS: Genetic aspects of Alzheimer disease. The Neurologist. 2009; 15(2): 80.

    • Konrath EL, Passos CDS, Klein-Júnior LC, Henriques AT: Alkaloids as a source of potential anticholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2013; 65(12): 1701-1725.

    • Cooper EL, Ma MJ: Alzheimer Disease: Clues from traditional and complementary medicine. J Tradit Complement. Med. 2017; 7(4): 380-385.

    • Gezici S, Sekeroglu N: Neuroprotective potential and phytochemical composition of acorn fruits. Ind. Crops Prod. 2019; 128: 13-17.

    • Dall’Acqua S: Plant-derived acetylcholinesterase inhibitory alkaloids for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Botanics: Target. Ther. 2013; 3: 19-28.

    • Ratheesh G, Tian L, Venugopal JR., Ezhilarasu H, Sadiq A, Fan TP, Ramakrishna S. Role of medicinal plants in neurodegenerative diseases. Biomanuf Rev. 2017; 2(1), 1-16

    • Singhal AK, Naithani V, Bangar OP. Medicinal plants with a potential to treat Alzheimer and associated symptoms. Int J Nutr Pharmacol Neurol Dis. 2012; 2(2), 84.

    • Gupta A, Singh R, Kakar S. Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment with Herbal Prospective. Int J Health Biologic Sci. 2019; 2(4), 13-8.

    • Lalotra S, Vaghela JS. Scientific reports of medicinal plants used for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. J Pharm Biosci. 2019; 15-25.

    • Munawar T, Bibi Y, Ahmad F. Ethnomedicinal Study of Plants used for Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review: Ethnomedicinal study of plants used for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: B. Life Envir Sci. 2020; 57(3), 13-26.

    • Perry E, Howes MJR. Medicinal plants and dementia therapy: herbal hopes for brain aging. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2011; 17(6): 683-98.

    • Rashed A, Abd Rahman AZ, Rathi DNG. Essential oils as a potential Neuroprotective remedy for age-related neurodegenerative diseases: A review. Molecules. 2021; 26(4): 1107.

    • Alves DR, Maia de Morais S, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Miranda-Sapla MM, Vasconcelos FR, Silva INGD, Freire FDOC: Flavonoid composition and biological activities of ethanol extracts of Caryocar coriaceum Wittm., a native plant from Caatinga biome. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2017.

    • Khan H, Ullah H, Aschner M, Cheang WS, Akkol EK: Neuroprotective effects of quercetin in Alzheimer’s disease. Biomolecules. 2020; 10(1): 59.

    • Ullah A, Munir S, Badshah SL, Khan N, Ghani L, Poulson BG, Jaremko M: Important flavonoids and their role as a therapeutic agent. Molecules. 2020; 25(22): 5243

    • Calderón AI, Simithy-Williams J, Sanchez R, Espinosa A, Valdespino I, Gupta MP: Lycopodiaceae from Panama: a new source of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Nat. Prod. Res. 2013; 27(4-5): 500-505.

    • Velmurugan BK, Rathinasamy B, Lohanathan BP, Thiyagarajan V, Weng CF: Neuroprotective role of phytochemicals. Molecules. 2018; 23(10): 2485.

    • Cooper EL, Ma MJ: Alzheimer Disease: Clues from traditional and complementary medicine. J Tradit Complement. Med. 2017; 7(4): 380-385.

    • Dey P, Kundu A, Kumar A, Gupta M, Lee BM, Bhakta T, Kim, HS: Analysis of alkaloids (indole alkaloids, isoquinoline alkaloids, tropane alkaloids). In Recent advances in natural products analysis. Elsevier. 2020; 505-567.

    • Gregory J, Vengalasetti YV, Bredesen DE, Rao RV: Neuroprotective herbs for the management of Alzheimer’s disease. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(4): 543.

    • Giacoppo S, Soundara Rajan T, Bramanti P, Mazzon E: Natural phytochemicals in the treatment and prevention of dementia: An overview. Molecules. 2016; 21(4): 518.

    • Yoo KY, Park SY: Terpenoids as potential anti-Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics. Molecules. 2012; 17(3): 3524-3538.

    • Rajabian A, Rameshrad M, Hosseinzadeh H: Therapeutic potential of Panax ginseng and its constituents, ginsenosides and gintonin, in neurological and neurodegenerative disorders: a patent review. Expert Opin. Ther. Pat. 2019; 29(1): 55-72.

    • Hu XM, Zhang WK, Zhu QS. Zhonghua Bencao. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Publications. 1998; 225-226.

    • Zhang XD, Liu XQ, Kim YH. et al. Chemical constituents and their acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities from leaves of Acanthopanax henryi: potential complementary source against Alzheimer’s disease. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2014; 37: 606-616.

    • Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Mal M and Houghton PJ. Acorus calamus: scientific validation of Ayurvedic tradition from natural resources. Pharmaceutical Biology 2007; 45: 651-666.

    • Manyam BV. Dementia in Ayurveda. Journal of Alternative Comple- mentary Medicine. 1999; 5: 81-88.

    • Vohora SB, Shah SA, Dandiya PC. Central nervous system studies on an ethanol extract of Acorus calamus rhizomes. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 1990; 28: 53-62.

    • Shukla PK, Khanna VK, Ali MM, Maurya RR, Handa SS, Srimal RC. Protective effect of Acorus calamus against acrylamide induced neu- rotoxicity. Phytotherapy Research. 2002; 16: 256-260.

    • Ahmeda F, Chandra JN, Urooj A, Rangappa KS. “In vitro antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity of Acorus calamus and Nardostachys jatamansi rhizomes,” Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2009; 2: 5.

    • Nagourney RA. Garlic: Medicinal food or nutritious medicine? J Med Food. 1998; 1: 13-28.

    • Tattelman E. Health effects of garlic. Am Fam Physician. 2005; 72: 103-106.

    • Hashemi SA, Ghorbanoghli S, Manouchehri AA, Hatkehlouei MB. Pharmacological effect of Allium sativum on coagulation, blood pressure, diabetic nephropathy, neurological disorders, spermatogenesis, antibacterial effects. AIMS Agric. Food. 2019; 4: 386-398.

    • Pandey GS, Chunekar KC, editors. Bhavaprakasa nighantu. Varanasi, India: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy. 2009; 461-62.

    • Sharma PV. Dravyaguna-vijñāna. 2nd vol. Varanasi, India: Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; 1998; 6-8.

    • Dhanasekaran M, Tharakan B, Holcomb LA et al. Neuroprotective mechanisms of ayurvedic antidementia botanical Bacopa monniera. Phytother Res. 2007; 21: 965-969.

    • Basu N, Rastigi RP, Dhar ML. Chemical examination of Bacopa monniera. Wettst. part III: the constitution of bacoside B. Ind. J. Chem. 1967; 5: 84.

    • Singh HK, Rastogi RP, Shrimal RC, Dhawan BN. Effect of bacosides A and B on avoidance responses in rats. Phytotherapy Research. 1988; 2(2): 70-75.

    • Singh HK. & Dhawan B. Effect of bacopa monniera Linn. (Brahmi) extract on avoidance responses in rat. J of Ethnopharmacology. 1982; 5: 205-211.

    • Bhattacharya SK, Kumar A, Ghosal S. Effect of Baacopa monniera on animal models of Alzheimer’s disease and perturbed central cholinergic markers of cognition in rats. In: Sankar SDV (Ed) Molecular Aspects of Asian Medicines, PJD Publications, New York, USA. 2001; 21-23.

    • Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Kumar A, Ghosal S. Anti-oxidant activity of Bacopa monneira in rat frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus. Phytotherapy Research. 2000; 14: 174-179.

    • Russo A, Borrelli F, Campisi A, Acquaviva R, Raciti G, Vanella A. Nitric oxide-related toxicity in cultured astrocytes: Effect of Bacopa mon- niera. Life Science. 2003; 73: 1517-1526.

    • Russo A, Izzo AA, Borrelli F, Renis M, Vanella A. Free radical scav- enging capacity and protective effect of Bacopa monniera L. on DNA dam- age. Phytotherapy Research. 2003; 17: 870-875.

    • Maurya H, Arya RK, Belwal T, Rana M, & Kumar A. Celastrus paniculatus. In Naturally Occurring Chemicals Against Alzheimer's Disease. 2021; 425-435.

    • James J. and Dubery, I. Pentacyclic triterpenoids from the medicinal herb, Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. Molecules. 2009; 14(10): 3922-3941.

    • Shinomol GK and Ravikumar H. Prophylaxis with Centella asiatica confers protection to prepubertal mice against 3‐nitropropionic‐acid‐ induced oxidative stress in brain. Phytotherapy Research. 2010; 24(6): 885-892.

    • Orhan IE. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban: From Traditional Medicine to Modern Medicine with Neuroprotective Potential. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2012; 946259.

    • Sakina MR, Dandiya PC. A psycho-neuropharmacological profile of Centella asiatica extract. Fitoterapia. 1990; 61: 291-296

    • Kumar MHV, Gupta YK. Effect of different extracts of Centella asi- atica on cognition and markers of oxidative stress in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2002; 79: 253-260.

    • Nalini K, Aroor AR, Karanth KS, Rao A. Effect of Centella asiatica fresh leaf aqueous extract on learning and memory and biogenic amine tur- nour in albino rats. Fitoterapia. 1992; 63: 232-237.

    • Brinkhaus B, Lindner M, Schuppan D, Hahn EG. Chemical, pharma- cological and clinical profile of the East Asian medicinal plant Centella asi- atica. Phytomedicine. 2000; 7: 427-448.

    • Perry NSL, Houghton PJ, Theobald A, Jenner P, Perry EK. In-vitro inhibition of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase by Salvia lavandulae- folia essential oil and constituent terpenes. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2000; 52: 895-902.

    • Mandal S, Mandal M. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) essential oil: Chemistry and biological activity. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2015; 5(6): 421-428.

    • Puglielli L, Tanzi RE, Kovacs DM. Alzheimer’s disease: the cholesterol connection. Nat Neurosci 2003; 6: 345-351.

    • Mori T, Paris D, Town T, Rojiani AM, Sparks DL, Delledonne Α, et al. Cholesterol accumulation in sanile plaques of Alzheimer’s disease patient and in transgenic APPsw mice. J Neuropath Exp Neur 2001; 60: 778-785.

    • Kalmijn S, Launer LJ, Ott A, Witteman JC, Hofman A, Breteler MMB. Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam Study. Ann Neurol 1997; 42: 776-82.

    • Chithra V, Leelamma S. Coriandrum sativum changes the levels of lipid peroxides and activity of antioxidant enzymes in experimental animals. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1999; 36: 59–61.

    • Chithra V, Leelamma S. Hypolipidemic effect of coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum): mechanism of action. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 1997; 51: 167-172.

    • Lal AA, Kumar T, Murthy PB, Pillai KS. Hypolipidemic effect of Coriandrum sativum L. in triton-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Indian J Exp Biol 2004; 42: 909-912.

    • Mani V, & Parle M. Memory-enhancing activity of Coriandrum sativum in rats. Pharmacologyonline. 2009; 2: 827-839.

    • Sharma R, Singla RK, Banerjee S, Sinha B, Shen B, Sharma R. Role of Shankhpushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis) in neurological disorders: An umbrella review covering evidence from ethnopharmacology to clinical studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2022; 104795.

    • Agarwa P, Sharma B, Fatima A, Jain SK. An update on Ayurvedic herb Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy. Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine. 2014; 4(3): 245-252.

    • Kumar V. Potential medicinal plants for CNS disorders: An overview. Phytotherapy Research. 2006; 20: 1023-1035

    • Ganju L, Karan D, Chanda S, Srivastava KK, Sawhney RC, Selvamurthy W. Immunomodulatory effects of agents of plant origin. Biomedicine and Pharmacology. 2003; 57: 296-300.

    • Wang FH, Chen ZK. A contribution to the embryology of Ginkgo with a discussion of the affinity of the Ginkgoales. Acta Botanica Sinica. 1983; 25: 199-211.

    • Gifford EM and Foster AS. Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. 1987.

    • Hasebe M. Moleculary phylogeny of Ginkgo biloba: close relationship between Ginkgo biloba and cycads. In T. Hori, R.W. Ridge, W. Tulecke, P. Del Tredici, J. Tremouillaux-Guiller, and H. Tobe (eds.), Ginkgo biloba - A Global Treasure. SpringerVerlag, Tokyo, 1997; 173-182.

    • Samuelsson G. Drugs of Natural Origin: A Text Book of Pharmacog- nosy, Aotekarsocieteten- Swedish Pharmaceutical Society, Swedish Pharma- ceutical Press, Stockholm, Sweden, 2004; 342.

    • Hofferberth B. The efficacy of EGb 761 in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study on different levels of investigation. Human Psychopharmacology. 1994; 9: 215-222.

    • Kanowski S, Herrmann WM, Stephan K, Wierich W, Hörr R. Proof of efficacy of the Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in outpatients suf- fering from mild to moderate primary degenerative dementia of the Alzhei- mer type or multi-infarct dementia. Phytomedicine. 1997; 4: 3-13.

    • Le Bars PL, Katz MM, Berman N, Itil TM, Freedman AM, Schatzberg AF. A placebo-controlled, double- blind, randomised trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1997; 278: 1327-1332.

    • Rigney U, Kimber S, Hindmarch I. The effects of acute doses of stan- dardized Ginkgo biloba extract on memory and psychomotor performance in volunteers. Phytotherapy Research. 1999: 13; 408-415.

    • Oken BS. Ginkgo biloba. In Baský N, Qizilbash LS, Schneider H, Chui ve ark. (ed.) Evidence-Based Dementia Practice. Blackwell Science, Oxford. 2003; 518-23.

    • Kotakadi VS, Jin Y, Hofseth AB, Ying L, Cui X, Volate S. Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 has anti-inflammatory properties and ameliorates colitis in mice by driving effector T cell apoptosis. Carcinogenesis 2008; 29: 1799-1806.

    • Gruenmald J, Brendler T, Taenicke C. Physician’s Desk Reference for Herbal Medicines. Thomson Healthcare Inc., Montvale. 2007.

    • Szczurko O, Boon HS. A systematic review of natural health product treatmant for vitiligo, BMC Dermatology 2009; 10: 47-96.

    • Kotil K, Uyar R, Bilge T, Ton T, Kucukhuseyin C, Koldas M. Investigatıon of the dose-dependent antivasosrasmic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Clin Neurosci 2008; 15: 1382-86.

    • Ross IA. Medicinal Plants of the World. Chemical Constituents, Tradi- tional and Modern Medicinal Uses (Vol 2), Humana Press, Clifton, New Jer- sey, USA. 2001; 242.

    • Widy-Tyszkiewicz E, Piechal A, Joniec I, Blecharz-Klin K. Long term administration of Hypericum perforatum improves spatial learning and me- mory in the water maze. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2002; 25: 1289-1294.

    • Trofimiuk E, Walesiuk A, Braszok JJ. St. John’s Wort (Hypericum per- foratum) diminishes cognitive impairment caused by the chronic restraint stress in rats. Pharmacological Research. 2005; 51: 239-246.

    • Lu Y-H, Du C-B, Liu J-W, Hong W, Wei D-Z . Neuroprotective effects of Hypericum perforatum on trauma induced by hydrogen peroxide in PC12 cells. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2001; 32: 397-405.

    • Hunt EJ, Lester CE, Lester EA, Tackett RL. Effect of St. John’s wort on free radical production Life Sciences. 2001; 69: 181-190.

    • Zheng W, Wang SY. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2001; 49: 5165-5170.

    • Kumar V, Singh PN, Messina J, Veach J. Anti-inflammatory and anal- gesic activity of Indian Hypericum perforatum L. Indian Journal of Experi- mental Biology. 2001; 39: 339-343.

    onix_3.0::thothThoth ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::project_museProject MUSE ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::oapenOAPEN ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::jstorJSTOR ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::google_booksGoogle Books ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::overdriveOverDrive ONIX 3.0
    onix_2.1::ebsco_hostEBSCO Host ONIX 2.1
    csv::thothThoth CSV
    json::thothThoth JSON
    kbart::oclcOCLC KBART
    bibtex::thothThoth BibTeX
    doideposit::crossrefCrossRef DOI deposit
    onix_2.1::proquest_ebraryProQuest Ebrary ONIX 2.1
    marc21record::thothThoth MARC 21 Record
    marc21markup::thothThoth MARC 21 Markup
    marc21xml::thothThoth MARC 21 XML

    Share This Chapter!