Tuberculosis remains a major global health challenge, with its epidemiology reflecting a complex interplay of biological, social, and environmental factors. Despite significant advancements in medical science, it is still one of the top infectious disease killers worldwide, claiming millions of lives each year. The disease disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries, where overcrowding, malnutrition, and limited access to healthcare contribute to its spread. High-risk populations include people living with HIV, those with compromised immune systems, and individuals living in close contact with tuberculosis patients. Understanding the epidemiological patterns of both pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis is crucial for devising effective public health strategies and interventions to control and ultimately eradicate this ancient scourge.