Laboratory, Imaging Methods and Biopsy

Kirchner PT, Simon MA. The clinical value of bone and gallium scintigraphy for soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremities. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984; 66:319.

Lodwick GS, Wilson AJ, Frrell C, Virtama P, Smeltzer FM, Dittrich F. Estimating rate of growth in bone lesions: observer performance and error. Radiology 1980; 134:585-590.

Rauch F, Plotkin H, Zeitlin L, Glorieux FH. Bone mass, size, and density in children and adolescents with osteogenesis imperfecta: effect of intravenous pamidronate therapy. J BoneMiner Res. 2003;18:610–614.

Gordon CM, Bachrach LK, Carpenter TO, Crabtree N, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Kutilek S, Lorenc RS, Tosi LL, Ward KA, Ward LM, Kalkwarf HJ 2008 Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry interpretation and reporting in children and adolescents: the 2007 ISCD Pediatric Official Positions. J Clin Densitom 11:43–58.

Bishop N, Braillon P, Burnham J, Cimaz R, Davies J, Fewtrell M, HoglerW, Kennedy K, Makitie O,Mughal Z, Shaw N, Vogiatzi M, Ward K, Bianchi ML 2008 Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry assessment in children and adolescents with diseases that may affect the skeleton: the 2007 ISCD Pediatric Official Positions. J Clin Densitom 11:29–42.

Zemel BS, Stallings VA, Leonard MB, Paulhamus DR, Kecskemethy HH, Harcke HT, Henderson RC. Revised pediatric reference data for the lateral distal femur measured by Hologic Discovery/Delphi dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. J Clin Densitom 2009;12:207–218.

Kalkwarf HJ, Zemel BS, Gilsanz V, Lappe JM, Horlick M, Oberfield S, Mahboubi S, Fan B, FrederickMM,Winer K, Shepherd JA. The bone mineral density in childhood study: bone mineral content and density according to age, sex, and race. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:2087–2099.

comparisons of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography measures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:1925–1928.

Zemel BS, LeonardMB, Kelly A, Lappe JM, Gilsanz V, Oberfield S, Mahboubi S, Shepherd JA, Hangartner TN, FrederickMM,Winer KK, Kalkwarf HJ. Height adjustment in assessing dual energy xray absorptiometry measurements of bone mass and density in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:1265–1273.

Bachrach LK, Hastie T,Wang MC, Narasimhan B, Marcus R. Bone mineral acquisition in healthy Asian, Hispanic, black, and Caucasian youth: a longitudinal study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:4702– 4712. Clark EM, Ness AR, Bishop NJ, Tobias JH. Association between bone mass and fractures in children: a prospective cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21:1489–1495.

Ogle GD, Allen JR, Humphries IR, Lu PW, Briody JN, Morley K, Howman-Giles R, Cowell CT. Bodycomposition assessment by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in subjects aged 4–26 y. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;61:746–753.

Crabtree NJ, Kibirige MS, Fordham JN, Banks LM, Muntoni F, Chinn D, Boivin CM, Shaw NJ. The relationship between lean body mass and bone mineral content in paediatric health and disease. 2004;Bone 35:965–972.

Högler W, Briody J, Woodhead HJ, Chan A, Cowell CT. Importance of lean mass in the interpretation of total body densitometry in children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2003;143:81–88.

Rand T, Seidl G, Kainberger F, Resch A, Hittmair K, Schneider B, Glüer CC, Imhof H. Impact of spinal degenerative changes on the evaluation of bone mineral density with dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Calcif Tissue Int. 1997;60:430–433.

Lee DC, Gilsanz V,Wren TA. Limitations of peripheral quantitative computed tomography metaphyseal bone density measurements. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:4248–4253.

2000 Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. NIH Consensus Statement 17:1–45.

Kanis JA. Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk. Lancet. 2002; 359:1929–1936.

Clark EM, Ness AR, Bishop NJ, Tobias JH. Association between bone mass and fractures in children: a prospective cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21:1489–1495.

Jones G, Ma D, Cameron F. Bone density interpretation and relevance in Caucasian children aged 9–17 years of age: insights from a population-based fracture study. J Clin Densitom. 2006;9:202–209.

Sbrocchi AM, Rauch F, Matzinger M, Feber J, Ward LM. Vertebral fractures despite normal spine bone mineral density in a boy with nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 26:139–142.

Mayranpaa MK, Helenius I, Valta H, Mayranpaa MI, Toiviainen-Salo S, Makitie O. Bone densitometry in the diagnosis of vertebral fractures in children: accuracy of vertebral fracture assessment. Bone. 2007;41:353–359.

Bishop N, Braillon P, Burnham J, Cimaz R, Davies J, Fewtrell M, Hogler W, Kennedy K, Makitie O, Mughal Z, Shaw N, Vogiatzi M, Ward K, Bianchi ML. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry assessment in children and adolescents with diseases that may affect the skeleton: the 2007 ISCD Pediatric Official Positions. J Clin Densitom. 2008;11:29–42.

Bianchi ML, Baim S, Bishop NJ, Gordon CM, Hans DB, Langman CB, Leonard MB, Kalkwarf HJ. Official positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) on DXA evaluation in children and adolescents. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010; 25:37–47.

Gatti D, Sartori E, Braga V, Corallo F, Rossini M, Adami S. Radial bending breaking resistance derived by densitometric evaluation predicts femoral neck fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12:864–869.

Schoenau E, Neu CM, Rauch F,Manz F. The development of bone strength at the proximal radius during childhood and adolescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:613–618.