Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that leads to cognitive decline and is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Neurons, as the primary cells of the central nervous system, are fundamental to brain function. Understanding their structure and functions is crucial for grasping AD mechanisms.
Neurons consist of three main components: the cell body (soma), dendrites, and axon. The cell body is the metabolic center of the neuron, containing the nucleus and organelles. Dendrites receive signals from other neurons, while axons transmit these signals to other neurons or muscle cells. Synaptic terminals at the end of axons release neurotransmitters, facilitating communication between neurons.
Neuronal metabolic activities include energy production, protein synthesis, and intracellular transport. Mitochondria play a crucial role in energy production, and mitochondrial dysfunction is a significant factor in AD. Reduced energy production adversely affects neuronal functionality and survival. In conclusion, the structure and metabolic processes of neurons play a critical role in the pathogenesis of AD. The disruption of neuronal structures and functions leads to the clinical manifestations of AD. Therefore, protecting neurons and supporting their functions are crucial targets in the treatment of AD.The initial part of the book provides an essential understanding of neuron biology, focusing on their functions and energy metabolism. The section examines the structural characteristics of neurons and their roles in neural communication. The chapter emphasizes efficient metabolic pathways, detailing glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP generation, and highlights the critical dependence of neuronal function on a continuous and sufficient energy supply.