1. Gunasekaran K, Bal D, Varghese GM. Scrub Typhus and Other Rickettsial Infections. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(Suppl 2):S138–S143.
2. Raoult D. Reemergence of Q fever after 11 September 2001. Clin Infect Dis, 2009; 48: 558–559.
3. Paddock CD, Sumner JW, Comer JA et al. Rickettsia parkeri, a newly recognized cause of spotted fever rickettsiosis in the United States. Clin Infect Dis, 2004; 38: 805–811.
4. Raoult D, Berbis P, Roux V, Xu W, Maurin M. A new tick-transmitted disease due to Rickettsia slovaca. Lancet 1997; 350:112–113.
5. Chan YG, Riley SP, Martinez JJ. Adherence to and invasion of host cells by spotted fever group Rickettsia Adherence to and invasion of host cells by spotted fever group Rickettsia species.
Front Microbiol 2010;139:1-10.
6. Diop A, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Rickettsial genomics and the paradigm of genome reduction associated with increased virulence. Microbes Infect 2018;20(7– 8):401–409.
7. Gillespie JJ, Williams K, Shukla M, et al. Rickettsia phylogenomics: unwinding the intricacies of obligate intracellular life. PLoS One 2008;3(4):e2018.
8. Gillespie JJ, Beier MS, Rahman MS, et al. Plasmids and Rickettsial Evolution: insight from Rickettsia felis. PLoS One 2007;2(3): e266.
9. Biggs HM, Behravesh CB, Bradley KK, et al. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: rocky mountain spotted fever and other spotted fever group rickettsioses, ehrlichio-
ses, and anaplasmosis – United States a practical guide for health care and public health professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep 2016;65(2):1–44.
10. Kirkland KB, Marcom PK, Sexton DJ, et al. Rocky mountain spotted fever complicated by gangrene: report of six cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16(5):629–634.
11. Angelakis E, Richet H, Rolain JM, La SB, Raoult D. Comparison of realtime quantitative PCR and culture for the diagnosis of emerging Rickettsioses. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2012; 6:e1540.
12. Merhej V, Angelakis E, Socolovschi C, Raoult D Genotyping, evolution and epidemiological findings of Rickettsia species. Infect Gene and Evo 2014; 25:122–137.
13. Paddock CD, Sumner JW, Comer JA et al. Rickettsia parkeri, a newly recognized cause of spotted fever rickettsiosis in the United States. Clin Infect Dis, 2004; 38: 805–811.
14. Renvoise A, Merhej V, Georgiades K, Raoult D. Intracellular Rickettsiales, Insights into manipulators of eukaryotic cells. Trends Mol Med 2011; 17:573–583.
15. Bechah Y, Capo C, Raoult D, et al. Infection of endothelial cells with virulent Rickettsia prowazekii increases the transmigration of leukocytes. J Infect Dis 2008;197(1):142–147.
16. Kim HK. Rickettsia-Host-Tick Interactions: Knowledge Advances and Gaps. Inf and Imm 2022;90(9): iai.00621-21.
17. Banajee KH, Embers ME, Langohr IM, Doyle LA, Hasenkampf NR, Macaluso KR. Amblyomma maculatum feeding augments Rickettsia parkeri infection in a rhesus macaque model: a pilot
study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135175.
18. Biggs HM, Behravesh CB, Bradley KK, et al. Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: rocky mountain spotted fever and other spotted fever group rickettsioses, ehrlichio-
ses, and anaplasmosis – United States a practical guide for health care and public health professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep 2016;65(2):1–44.
19. Kirkland KB, Marcom PK, Sexton DJ, et al. Rocky mountain spotted fever complicated by gangrene: report of six cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 1993;16(5):629–634.
20. Elfving K, Olsen B, Bergstrom S, Waldenstrom J et al. Dissemination of spotted fever rickettsia agents in Europe by migratory birds. PLoS ONE 2010; 5: e8572.
21. Breitschwerdt EB, Hegarty BC, Maggi RG, Lantos PM, Aslett DM, Bradley JM. Rickettsia rickettsii transmission by a lone star tick, North Carolina. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17: 873–875.
22. Parola P. Rickettsia felis: from a rare disease in the USA to a common cause of fever in sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17: 996–1000.
23. Minniear TD, Buckingham SC. Managing Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2009; 7: 1131–1137.
24. Romer Y, Seijo AC, Crudo F et al. Rickettsia parkeri Rickettsiosis, Argentina. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17: 1169– 1173.
25. Openshaw JJ, Swerdlow DL, Krebs JW et al. Rocky mountain spotted fever in the United States, 2000–2007: interpreting contemporary increases in incidence. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010;83:
174– 182.
26. Paddock CD, Fournier PE, Sumner JW et al. Isolation of Rickettsia parkeri and identification of a novel spotted fever group Rickettsia sp. from Gulf Coast ticks (Amblyomma maculatum) in
the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76: 2689–2696.
27. Koss T, Carter, EL, Grossman ME et al. Increased detection of rickettsialpox in a New York City hospital following the anthrax outbreak of 2001: use of immunohistochemistry for the rapid
confirmation of cases in an era of bioterrorism. Arch Dermatol 2003;139: 1545–1552.
28. De Sousa R, Franca A, No` brega SD et al. Host- and microberelated risk factors for and pathophysiology of fatal Rickettsia conorii infection in Portuguese patients. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:
576–585.
29. Fournier PE, Raoult D. 2009: Intraspecies diversity of Rickettsia conorii. J Infect Dis 2009; 199; 1097–1099.
30. Perez-Osorio CE, Zavala-Velazquez JE, Arias Leon JJ, Zavala-Castro JE. Rickettsia felis as emergent global threat for humans. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14: 1019– 1023.
31. Reif KE, Macaluso KR. Ecology of Rickettsia felis: a review. J Med Entomol 2009; 46: 723–736.
32 . McBride WJ, Hanson JP, Miller R, Wenck D. Severe spotted fever group rickettsiosis, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13: 1742–1744.
33. Graves S, Stenos J. Rickettsia honei: a spotted fever group Rickettsia on three continents. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 990: 62–66.
34. Lee JH, Park HS, Jung KD et al. dentification of the spotted fever group rickettsiae detected from Haemaphysalis longicornis in Korea. Microbiol Immunol 2003; 47: 301–304.
35. Fournier PE, Fujita H, Takada N, Raoult D. Genetic identification of rickettsiae isolated from ticks in Japan. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 2176–2181.
36. Parola P, Inokuma H, Camicas JL, Brouqui P, Raoult D. Detection and identification of spotted fever group Rickettsiae and Ehrlichiae in African ticks. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7: 1014–1017.
37. Wood H, Artso H. Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae: A Brief Review and a Canadian Perspective. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 59 (Suppl. 2): 65–79.
38. Mediannikov OY, Sidelnikov Y, Ivanov L et al. Acute tick-borne rickettsiosis caused by Rickettsia heilongjiangensis in Russian Far East. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10: 810–817.
39. Fournier PE, Allombert C, Supputamongkol Y, Caruso G, Brouqui P, Raoult D. Aneruptive fever associated with antibodies to Rickettsia helvetica in Europe and Thailand. J Clin Microbiol
2004; 42: 816–818.
40. CDC typhus fevers: murine typhus. Accessed 02/28/2019. https://www.cdc.gov/ typhus/murine/index.htm. Access date: 08.02.2024.
41. Rauch J, Muntau B, Eggert P, Tappe D. Rickettsia typhi as cause of fatal encephalitic typhus in hospitalized patients, Hamburg, Germany, 1940-1944. Emerg Infect Dis 2018;24(11):1982–1987.
42. Bechah Y, Capo C, Mege JL, Raoult D. Epidemic typhus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008; 8:417–426.
43. Faucher JF, Socolovschi C, Aubry C et al. Brill-Zinsser disease in Moroccan man, France, 2011. Emerg Infect Di. 2012;18(1):171–172.
44. Stewart, AG. An Update on the Laboratory Diagnosis of Rickettsia spp. Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10: 1319.
45. Raoult D, Dasch GA. Immunoblot cross-reactions among Rickettsia, Proteus spp. and Legionella spp. in patients with Mediterranean spotted fever. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1995; 11:
13–18.
46. McQuiston JH, Wiedeman C, Singleton J et al. Inadequacy of IgM antibody tests for diagnosis of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 91: 767–770.
47. Paris DH, Dumler JS. State of the art of diagnosis of rickettsial diseases: The use of blood specimens for diagnosis of scrub typhus, spotted fever group rickettsiosis, and murine typhus. Curr
Opin Infect Dis 2016; 29: 433–439.
48. La Scola B, Raoult, D. Laboratory diagnosis of rickettsioses: Current approaches to diagnosis of old and new rickettsial diseases. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35: 2715–2727.
49. Alugubelly N, Stokes JV, Cross CE et al.B eyond the IFA: Revisiting the ELISA as a More Sensitive, Objective, and Quantitative Evaluation of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsia Exposure. Pat-
hogens 2021; 10: 88.
50. Montenegro MR, Mansueto S, Hegarty BC, Walker DH. The histology of “taches noires” of boutonneuse fever and demonstration of Rickettsia conorii in them by immunofluorescence. Vir-
chows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1983; 400: 309–317.
51. Walker DH, Feng HM, Ladne S. Immunohistochemical diagnosis of typhus rickettsioses using an anti-lipopolysaccharide monoclonal antibody. Mod Pathol 1997; 10: 1038–1042.
52. Prakash JA, Reller ME, Barat N, Dumler JS. Assessment of a quantitative multiplex 5’ nuclease real-time PCR for spotted fever and typhus group rickettsioses and Orientia tsutsugamushi. Clin
Microbiol Infect 2009; 15 (Suppl. 2):292–293.
53. https://sso.uptodate.com/contents/treatment-of-rocky-mountan-spotted-fever/prnt?search=rcketsaa&source=search_result&selectedTtle. Access date: 12.08.2023.
54. Xu G, Walker DH, Jupiter D, Melby PC, Arcari CM. A review of the global epidemiology of scrub typhus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis 2017;11 (11):e0006062.
55. Banerjee A, Kulkarni S. Orientia tsutsugamushi: The dangerous yet neglected foe from the East. Int J Med Microb 2021; 311:e151467.
56. Nakayama K, Kurokawa K, Fukuhara M et al. 2010. Genome comparison and phylogenetic analysis of Orientia tsutsugamushi strains. DNA Res 2010; 17: 281–291.
57. Bonell A, Lubell Y, Newton PN, Crump JA, Paris DH. Estimating the burden of scrub typhus: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11: e0005838.
58. Valbuena G, Walker DH. Approaches to vaccines against Orientia tsutsugamushi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 2: 1–18.
59. Bonell A, Lubell Y, Newton PN, Crump JA, Paris DH. Estimating the burden of scrub typhus: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11: e0005838.
60. Prakash JAJ. 2017. Scrub typhus: risks, diagnostic issues, and management challenges. Res Rep Trop Med 2017; 8:73–78.
61. Patricia KA, Hoti SL, Kanungo R et al. 2017. Improving the diagnosis of scrub typhus by combining groEL based polymerase chain reaction and IgM ELISA. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11 (8):
DC27–DC3
62. Raoult D. Orientia tsutsugamushi (Scrub typhus). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier,
2015:2225-2227.
COXIELLA BURNETII VE EHRLICHIA TÜRLERİ
KAYNAKLAR
1. Tissot-Dupont H, Raoult D. Q fever. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2008;22: 505– 514.
2. Tissot-Dupont H, Vaillant V, Rey S, Raoult D. Role of sex, age, previous valve lesion, and pregnancy in the clinical expression and outcome of Q fever after a large outbreak. Clin Infect Dis
2007; 44: 232–237
3. Arbeitskreis Blut, Untergruppe «Bewertung Blutassoziierter Krankheitserreger». Coxiella burnetii – Pathogenic Agent of Q (Query) Fever. Transfus Med Hemother 2014;41:60–72.
4. Kampschreur LM, Dekker S, Hagenaars JC, Lestrade PJ, Renders NH, de JagerLeclercq MG, et al. Identification of risk factors for chronic Q fever, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis
2012;18:563e70.
5. Hirschmann JV. The discovery of Q fever and its cause. Am J Med Sci 2019;358:3e10
6. Eldin C, Melenotte C, Mediannikov O, Ghigo E, Million M, Edouard S, et al.From Q fever to Coxiella burnetii infection: a paradigm change. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017;30:115e90.
7. Kersh GJ. Antimicrobial therapies for Q fever. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013;11:1207e14
8. Melenotte C, Drancourt M, Gorvel JP, et al. Post-bacterial infection chronic fatigue syndrome is not a latent infection. Med Mal Infect 2019; 49: 140–149.
9. Raoult D. Chronic Q fever: expert opinion versus literature analysis and consensus. J Infect 2012;65: 102–108.
10. Eldin C, Mélenotte C, Mediannikov O, et al. From Q Fever to Coxiella burnetii Infection: a Paradigm Change. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017;30:115–190.
11. Melenotte C. Clinical Features and Complications of Coxiella burnetii Infections From the French National Reference Center for Q Fever. JAMA Network Open 2018;1(4):e181580.
12. Million M, Walter G, Bardin N, et al. Immunoglobulin G anticardiolipin antibodies and progression to Q fever endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:57–64.
13. Fournier PE, Marrie TJ, Raoult D. Diagnosis of Q fever. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36: 1823–1834.
14. Miller HK, Binder AM, Peterson A, et al. Trends in Q fever serologic testing by immunofluorescence from four large reference laboratories in the United States, 2012- 2016. Sci Rep 2018;8:
16670
15. Luciani L, L’Ollivier C, Million M, et al. Introduction to the mesurement of the avidity of anti-coxiella burnetii IgG in the diagnosis of Q fever. J Clin Microb 2019;57(10): e00539-19
16. Melenotte C, Million M, Raoult D. New insights in Coxiella burnetii infection: diagnosis and therapeutic update, Exp Rev Anti-infect The 2019, 18(1):75-86.
17. Edouard S, Raoult D. Lyophilization to improve the sensitivity of qPCR for bacterial DNA detection in serum: the Q fever paradigm. J Med Microbiol 2016;65:462– 467.
18. Sanchez SE, Vallejo-Esquerra E, Omsland A. Use of Axenic Culture Tools to Study Coxiella burnetii. Curr Protoc Microbiol. 2018;50:e52.
19. TK, Montgomery DL, Jaeger PT, et al. Application of fluorescent in situ hybridisation for demonstration of Coxiella burnetii in placentas from ruminant abortions. APMIS. 2007;115:347–353.
20. Agerholm JS, Jensen TK, Agger JF, et al. Presence of Coxiella burnetii DNA in inflamed bovine cardiac valves. BMC Vet Res 2017;13:693.
21. Million M, Thuny F, Bardin N, et al. Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome With Valvular Vegetations in Acute Q Fever. Clin Infect Dis 2016;62(5):537-544.
22. Anderson A, Bijlmer H, Fournier P-E, et al. Diagnosis and management of Q fever-United States, 2013: recommendations from CDC and the Q Fever Working Group. MMWR Recomm Rep.
2013;62: 1–30.
23. Million M, Bardin N, Bessis S, et al. Thrombosis and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome during acute Q fever: A cross-sectional study. Medicine 2017;96:e7578.
24. Kouijzer IJE, Kampschreur LM, Wever PC, et al. The Value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in Diagnosis and During Follow-up in 273 Patients with Chronic Q Fever. J Nucl Med 2018;59:127–133.
25. Silverstein AM. On the naming of rickettsiae after Paul Ehrlich. Bull Hist Med 1998;72:731-733.
26. Chen SM, Dumler JS, Bakken JS, et al. Identification of a granulocytotropic Ehrlichia species as the etiologic agent of human disease. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32:589-595.
27. Popov VL, Han VC, Chen SM, et al. Ultrastructural differentiation of the genogroups in the genus Ehrlichia. J Med Microbiol 1998;47: 235-251.
28. Telford SR 3rd, Dawson JE, Katavolos P, et al. Perpetuation of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a deer tick-rodent cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1996;93: 6209-6214.
29. Walker DH, Dumler JS. Human monocytic and granulocytic ehrlichioses. Discovery and diagnosis of emergingtick-borne infections and the critical role of the pathologist. Arch Pathol Lab
Med 1997;121:785-791.
30. Dumler JS, Madigan JE, Pusterla N, et al. Ehrlichioses in humans: epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(suppl 1):S45-S51.
31. Dahlgren FS, Mandel EJ, Krebs JW, et al. Increasing incidence of Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in the United States, 2000-2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011;85:124-131.
32. Bell CA, Patel R. A real-time combined polymerase chain reaction assay for the rapid detection and differentiation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and Ehrlichia ewin-
gii. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2005;53: 301-306.
33. Dumler JS, Walker DH. Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Human Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Human Granulosytotropic Anaplasmosis), and Other Anaplasmataceae.
In: Mandel GL,Bennet JE, Dolin R (eds). Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Churchill Livingtone, Elsevier. 2015; 2227-2233.
34. Zhang L, Wang G, Liu Q, et al. Molecular analysis of Anaplasma phagocytophilum isolated from patients with febrile diseases of unknown etiology in China. PLoS One 2013;8: e57155.
35. Strle F. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Europe. Int J Med Microbiol 2004;293(suppl 37):27-35.
36. Chandrashekar R, Mainville CA, Beall MJ, et al. Performance of a commercially available in-clinic ELISA for the detection of antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia canis,
and Borrelia burgdorferi and Dirofilaria immitis antigen in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2010;71:1443-1450.
37. Burns S, Saylors R, Mian A. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection: a case report. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2010;32:e142-e143.
38. Dittrich S, Phuklia W, Turner GDH, Rattanavong S, Chansamouth V, Dumler SJ, et al. Neorickettsia sennetsu as a Neglected Cause of Fever in South-East Asia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis; 2015: 9(7):
e0003908.
39. Walker DH. Sennetsu neorickettsiosis: a potentially prevalent, treatable, acutely incapacitating tropical infectious disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg