1. Bellini WJ, Icenogle JP. Measles and Rubella Viruses. In: Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, eds. Manual of Clinical microbiology. 11th edition. Washington, DC, ASM Press; 2015.
2. Çiçek C, Zeytinoğlu A. Togavirüsler (Alfavirüsler ve Rubella virüsü). Wilke Topçu A, söyletir G, Doğanay M (yazarlar). Enfeksiyon Hastalaıkları ve Mikrobiyolojisi. İstanbul:Nobel tıp Kita-
bevleri, 2017:1533-1540.
3. Banatvala JE, Brown DWG. Rubella. Lancet 2004; 363: 1127–37
4. https://ictv.global/taxonomy
5. https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/lab/genetic-analysis.html
6. Panagiotopoulos T, Antoniadou I, Valassi-Adam E. Increase in congenital rubella occurrence after immunisation in Greece: retrospective study and systematic review. BMJ 1999; 319: 1462–66
7. Vynnycky E. Adams EJ, Cutts FT, et al. Using seroprevalence and immunization coverage data to estimate the global burden of congenital rubella syndrome, 1996–2010: a systematic re-
view. PLoS One 2016;11(3);e0149160
8. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rubella.
9. WHO. Rubella vaccines: WHO position paper [16 pages]. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2011;86(29):301–16.
10. Hinman AR, Irons B, Lewis M, Kandola K. Economic analyses of rubella and rubella vaccines: a global review. Bull World Health Organ 2002; 80: 264–70.
11. Pandolfi E, Gesualdo F, Rizzo C, et al. Global seroprevalence of rubella among pregnant and childbearing age women: a meta-analysis. The European Journal of Public Health 2017; 27:
530–537
12. World Health Organization Europe. Eliminating measles and rubella and preventing congenital rubella infection: WHO European Region Strategic Plan 2005–2010. Copenhagen: WHO
Regional Office for Europe, 2005
13. Çetinkaya RA, Yenilmez E. The seroprevalence of rubella in pregnant women in Turkey: a meta-analysis research of 90988 rubella IgM, 84398 rubella IgG, and 522 avidity results. Turk J Obstet
Gynecol 2019;16:63-71.
14. Tushabe P, Bakamutumaho B, Eliku JP, et al. Rubella virus genotype 2B endemicity and related utility of serum-based molecular characterization in Uganda. BMC resaerch Notes 2023;16:218-
223.
15. Pukuta E, Waku-Kouomou D, Abernathy E, et al. Genotypes of rubella virus and the epidemiology of rubella infections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2004–2013. J Med Virology
2016; 88(10); 1677-1684.
16. Lee JY, Bowden DS. Rubella virus replication and links to teratogenicity. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13:571–587.
17. Webster WS. Teratogen update: congenital rubella. Teratology 1998; 58: 13–23.
18. Morgan-Capner P, Crowcroft N, and the PHLS Joint Working Party of the Advisory Committees of Virology and Vaccines and Immunisation. Guidelines on the management of, and exposure
to, rash illness in pregnancy (including consideration of relevant antibody screening programmes in pregnancy). Commun Dis Public Health 2002; 5: 59–71.
19. Tait DR, Ward KN, Brown DW, Miller E. Exanthium subitium (roseola infantum) misdiagnosed as measles and rubella. BMJ 1996; 312: 101–02.
20. Ramsay M, Reacher M, O’Flynn C, et al. Causes of morbilliform rash in a highly immunised English population. Arch Dis Child 2002; 87: 202–06
21. Oliveira SA, Siqueira MM, Camacho LA, et al. The etiology of maculopapular rash diseases in Niteroi, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: implications for measles surveillance. Epidemiol Infect
2001; 127: 509–16.
22. Takahashi S, Machikawa F, Noda A, Oda T, Tachikawa T. Detection of immunoglobulin G and A antibodies to rubella virus in urine and antibody responses to vaccine-induced infection. Clin
Diagn Lab Immunol 1998;5:24– 27.
23. Abernathy E, Cabezas C, Sun H, et al. Confirmation of rubella within 4 days of rash onset: comparison of rubella virus RNA detection in oral fluid with immunoglobulin M detection in serum
or oral fluid. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:182–188. 127.
24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations from an ad hoc meeting of the WHO Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network (LabNet) on use of alternative diagnostic
samples for measles and rubella surveillance. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2008; 57:657–660
25. Schulz H, Neale M, Zubach V, et al. Development of a rapid, imnternally controlled, two target, rela time RT-PCR for detection of rubella virus. J Virological Methods 2022;303:1-7.
26. https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/lab/serology.html.
27. Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu, Ulusal Mikrobiyoloji standartları, Kızamıkçık, Ankara 2014.
28. Frey TK, Abernathy ES. Identification of strainspecific nucleotide sequences in the RA 27/3 rubella virus vaccine. J Infect Dis 1993;168:854–864.
29. Abernathy ES, Hübschen JM, Muller CP, et al. Status of global virologic surveillance for rubella viruses. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:S524–S532.
30. Icenogle JP, Frey TK, Abernathy E, Reef SE, Schnurr D, Stewart JA. Genetic analysis of rubella viruses found in the United States between 1966 and 2004: evidence that indigenous rubella
viruses have been eliminated. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43:S133–S140.
31. Zhu Z, Xu W, Abernathy ES, et al. Comparison of four methods using throat swabs to confirm rubella virus infection. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 45:2847–2852.
32. Thomas HI, Barrett E, Hesketh LM, Wynne A, MorganCapner P. Simultaneous IgM reactivity by EIA against more than one virus in measles, parvovirus B19 and rubella infection. J Clin Virol
1999; 14:107–118.
33. Best JM, O’Shea S, Tipples G, et al. Interpretation of rubella serology in pregnancy–pitfalls and problems. BMJ 2002; 325:147–148.
34. O’Shea S, Best JM, Banatvala JE. Viraemia, virus excretion and antibody responses after challenge in volunteers with low levels of antibody to rubella virus. J Infect Dis 1983; 148: 639–47.
35. Centers for Disease Control (2001b). Revised ACIP recommendation for avoiding pregnancy after receiving a rubellacontaining vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001; 50: 1117
36. McLean HQ, Fiebelkorn AP, Temte JL, Wallace GS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps, 2013: summary
recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Ptactices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013 ;62(RR-04):1-34