Treatment of Epilepsy

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Sharma S, Sankhyan N, Gulati S, et al. Use of the modified Atkins diet for treatment of refractory childhood epilepsy: a randomized controlled trial. Epilepsia 2013;54:481–486

Freeman JM, Vining EP, Kossoff EH, et al. A blinded, crossover study of the efficacy of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia 2009;50:322– 325

Lambrechts DA, de Kinderen RJ, Vles JS, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the ketogenic diet in refractory childhood epilepsy. Acta Neurol Scand 2017;135:231–239

Kossoff EH, Zupec-Kania BA, Auvin S. Optimal clinical management of children receiving dietary therapies for epilepsy: Updated recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group. Epilepsia Open 2018 May 21;3(2):175-192

Thompson L, Fecske E, Salim M, et al. Use of the ketogenic diet in the neonatal intensive care unit-Safety and tolerability. Epilepsia 2017;58:e36–e39

Dressler A, Trimmel-Schwahofer P, Reithofer E, et al. The ketogenic diet in infants—Advantages of early use. Epilepsy Res 2015;116:53–58

Kim JA, Yoon JR, Lee EJ, et al. Efficacy of the classic ketogenic and the modified Atkins diets in refractory childhood epilepsy. Epilepsia 2016;57:51–58

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Kossoff EH, McGrogan JR, Bluml RM, et al. A modified Atkins diet is effective for the treatment of intractable pediatric epilepsy. Epilepsia 2006;47:421–424

Pfeifer HH, Thiele EA. Low-glycemic-index treatment: a liberalized ketogenic diet for treatment of intractable epilepsy. Neurology 2005;65:1810–1812

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Hong AM, Turner Z, Hamdy RF, et al. Infantile spasms treated with the ketogenic diet: prospective single-center experience in 104 consecutive infants. Epilepsia 2010;51:1403–1407

Masino SA. Ketogenic diet and metabolic therapies. Oxford University Press. 2017

Lin A, Turner Z, Doerrer SC, et al. Complications during ketogenic diet initiation: prevalence, treatment, and influence on seizure outcomes. Pediatr Neurol 2017;68:35–39

Levy, R.G., Cooper, P.N., and Giri, P. (2012). Ketogenic diet and other dietary treatments for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3, CD001903

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Bergqvist AG, Schall JI, Gallagher PR, et al. Fasting versus gradual initiation of the ketogenic diet: a prospective, randomized clinical trial of efficacy. Epilepsia 2005;46:1810–1819

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Kossoff EH, McGrogan JR, Freeman JM. Benefits of an all-liquid ketogenic diet. Epilepsia 2004;45:1163

Kim, D.W., Kang, H.C., Park, J.C., and Kim, H.D. (2004). Benefits of the nonfasting ketogenic diet compared with the initial fasting ketogenic diet. Pediatrics 114, 1627– 1630

Bergqvist, A.G., Schall, J.I., Gallagher, P.R., Cnaan, A., and Stallings, V.A. (2005). Fasting versus gradual initiation of the ketogenic diet: a prospective, randomized clinical trial of efficacy. Epilepsia 46, 1810–1819

Freeman JM, Vining EPG. Seizures decrease rapidly after fasting: preliminary studies of the ketogenic diet. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1999;153:946–949

Freeman, J.M., Kossoff, E., and Freeman, M.T.K. (2007). The Ketogenic Diet: A Treatment for Children and Others with Epilepsy (New York: Demos Medical Publishing)

Liu, Y.M., and Wang, H.S. (2013). Medium- chain triglyceride ketogenic diet, an effective treatment for drug- resistant epilepsy and a comparison with other ketogenic diets. Biomed J 36, 9– 15

Schwartz RH, Eaton J, Bower BD, et al. Ketogenic diets in the treatment of epilepsy: short-term clinical effects. Dev Med Child Neurol 1989;1:145–151

Neal EG, Chaffe H, Schwartz RH, et al. A randomized trial of classical and medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diets in the treatment of childhood epilepsy. Epilepsia 2009;50:1109–1117

Kossoff EH, Turner Z, Bluml RM, et al. A randomized, crossover comparison of daily carbohydrate limits using the modified Atkins diet. Epilepsy Behav 2007;10:432–436

Kossoff, E.H., Krauss, G.L., McGrogan, J.R., and Freeman, J.M. (2003). Neurology 61, 1789– 1791

Jenkins, D.J., Wolever, T.M., Taylor, R.H., Barker, H., Fielden, H., Baldwin, J.M., Bowling, A.C., Newman, H.C., Jenkins, A.L., and Goff, D.V. (1981). Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange. Am J Clin Nutr 34, 362–366

Pfeifer, H.H., and Thiele, E. (2005). Low glycemic index treatment: A liberalized ketogenic diet for treatment of intractable epilepsy. Neurology 65, 1810– 1812

Grocott OR, Herrington KS, Pfeifer HH, et al. Low glycemic index treatment for seizure control in Angelman syndrome: A case series from the Center for Dietary Therapy of Epilepsy at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Epilepsy Behav 2017;68:45–50

Neal, E.G., Chaffe, H.M., Schwartz, R., Edwards, N., Fitzsimmons, G., Whitney, A., and Cross, J.H. (2009). A randomized trial of classical and medium- chain triglyceride ketogenic diets in the treatment of childhood epilepsy. Epilepsia 49, 1– 9

Kossoff, E.H., Dorward, J.L., Turner, Z., and Pyzik, P. (2011a). Prospective study of the modified Atkins diet in combination with a ketogenic liquid supplement during the initial month. J Child Neurol 26, 147– 151

Kossoff, E.H., Cervenka, M.C., Henry, B.J., Haney, C.A., and Turner, Z. (2013b). A decade of the modified Atkins diet (2003– 2013): results, insights, and future directions. Epilepsy Behav 29, 437– 442

Auvin, S. (2012). Should we routinely use modified Atkins diet instead of regular ketogenic diet to treat children with epilepsy? Seizure 21, 237–240

Miranda, M.J., Turner, Z., and Magrath, G. (2012). Alternative diets to the classical ketogenic diet: can we be more liberal? Epilepsy Res 100, 278– 285

Sharma, S., Sankhyan, N., Gulati, S., and Agarwala, A. (2012). Use of the modified Atkins diet in infantile spasms refractory to first- line treatment. Seizure 21, 45– 48

Ito, Y., Oguni, H., Ito, S., Oguni, M., and Osawa, M. (2011). A modified Atkins diet is promising as a treatment for glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol 53, 658–663

van der Louw EJ, Desadien R, Vehmeijer FO, et al. Concomitant lamotrigine use is associated with decreased efficacy of the ketogenic diet in childhood refractory epilepsy. Seizure 2015;32:75–77

Zarnowska I, Luszczki JJ, Zarnowski T, et al. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions between common antiepileptic drugs and acetone, the chief anticonvulsant ketone body elevated in the ketogenic diet in mice. Epilepsia 2009;50:1132–1140

Kossoff EH, Pyzik PL, Rubenstein JE, et al. Combined ketogenic diet and vagus nerve stimulation: rational polytherapy? Epilepsia 2007;48:77–81

Dahlin MG, Beck OM, Amark PE. Plasma levels of antiepileptic drugs in children on the ketogenic diet. Pediatr Neurol 2006;35:6–10

Lyczkowski DA, Pfeifer HH, Ghosh S, et al. Safety and tolerabilitybof the ketogenic diet in pediatric epilepsy: effects of valproate combination therapy. Epilepsia 2005;46:1533–1538

Spilioti M, Pavlou E, Gogou M, et al. Valproate effect on ketosis in children under ketogenic diet. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2016;20:555–559

Takeoka M, Riviello JJ, Pfeifer H, et al. Concomitant treatment with topiramate and ketogenic diet in pediatric epilepsy. Epilepsia 2002;43:1072–1075

McNally MA, Pyzik PL, Rubenstein JE, et al. Empiric use of oral potassium citrate reduces symptomatic kidney stone incidence with the ketogenic diet. Pediatrics 2009;124:e300–e304

Kossoff EH, Pyzik PL, McGrogan JR, et al. Impact of early versus late anticonvulsant reduction after ketogenic diet initiation. Epilepsy Behav 2004;5:499–502

Huttenlocher P. Ketonemia and seizures: Metabolic and anticonvulsant effects of two ketogenic diets in childhood epilepsy. Pediatr Res 1976;10:536–540

Lebel D, Morin C, Laberge M, et al. The carbohydrate and caloric content of concomitant medications for children with epilepsy on the ketogenic diet. Can J Neurol Sci 2001;28:322–340

Kossoff, E.H., Laux, L.C., Blackford, R., Morrison, P.F., Pyzik, P.L., Hamdy, R.M., Turner, Z., and Nordli, D.R., Jr. (2008). When do seizures usually improve with the ketogenic diet? Epilepsia 49, 329– 333

Martin, K., Jackson, C.F., Levy, R.G., Cooper, P.N. (2016). Ketogenic diet and other dietary treatments for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4, CD001903

Kessler, S.K., Gallagher, P.R., Shellhaas, R.A., Clancy, R.R., and Bergqvist, A.G. (2011). Early EEG improvement after ketogenic diet initiation. Epilepsy Res 94, 94– 101

Ebus, S.C., Lambrechts, D.A., Herraets, I.J., Majoie, M.J., de Louw, A.J., Boon, P.J., Aldenkamp, A.P., and Arends, J.B. (2014). Can an early 24- hour EEG predict the response to the ketogenic diet? A prospective study in 34 children and adults with refractory epilepsy treated with the ketogenic diet. Seizure 23, 468– 474

Vestergaard P. Effects of antiepileptic drugs on bone health and growth potential in children with epilepsy. Paediatr Drugs 2015;17:141–150

Bergqvist AG, Schall JI, Stallings VA. Vitamin D status in children with intractable epilepsy, and impact of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia 2007;48:66–71

Kang HC, Chung DE, Kim DW, et al. Early and lateonset complications of the ketogenic diet for intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia 2004;45:1116–1123

Coppola G, Epifanio G, Auricchio G, et al. Plasma free carnitine in epilepsy children, adolescents and young adults treated with old and new antiepileptic drugs with or without ketogenic diet. Brain Dev 2006;28:358–365

Alberti MJ, Agustinho A, Argumedo L, et al. Recommendations for the clinical management of children with refractory epilepsy receiving the ketogenic diet. Arch Argent Pediatr 2016;114:56–63

AAP Committee on Nutrition. Ketogenic diet. In Kleinman RE, Greer FR (Eds) Pediatric nutrition. 7th Ed. Itasca, IL: AAP Press; 2013:1147–1166

Gilbert DL, Pyzik PL, Freeman JM. The ketogenic diet: seizure control correlates better with serum beta- hydroxybutyrate than with urine ketones. J Child Neurol 2000;15:787–790

Buchhalter JR, D’Alfonso S, Connolly M, et al. The relationship between D-beta-hydroxybutyrate blood concentrations and seizure control in children treated with the ketogenic diet for medically intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia Open 2017;2:317–321

Kwiterovich PO Jr, Vining EP, Pyzik P, et al. Effect of a high-fat ketogenic diet on plasma levels of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in children. JAMA 2003;290:912–920

Bergqvist AGC, Schall JI, Stallings VA, et al. Progressive bone mineral content loss in children with intractable epilepsy treated with the ketogenic diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:1678–1684

Spulber G, Spulber S, Hagenas L, et al. Growth dependence on insulin-like growth factor-1 during the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia 2009;50:297–303

Kessler SK, Gallagher PR, Shellhaas RA, et al. Early EEG improvement after ketogenic diet initiation. Epilepsy Res 2011;94:94–101

Caraballo R, Vaccarezza M, Cers_osimo R, et al. Long-term follow up of the ketogenic diet for refractory epilepsy: multicenter Argentinean experience in 216 pediatric patients. Seizure 2011;20:640–645

Guzel O, Yılmaz U, Uysal U, et al. The effect of olive oil-based ketogenic diet on serum lipid levels in epileptic children. Neurol Sci 2016;37:465–470

Groesbeck DK, Bluml RM, Kossoff EH. Long-term use of the ketogenic diet in the treatment of epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2006;48:978–981

Liu YM, Lowe H, Zak MM, et al. Can children with hyperlipidemia receive ketogenic diet for medicationresistant epilepsy? J Child Neurol 2013;28:479–483

Kossoff EH, Pyzik PL, Furth SL, et al. Kidney stones, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia 2002;43:1168–1171

Sampath A, Kossoff EH, Furth SL, et al. Kidney stones and the ketogenic diet: risk factors and prevention. J Child Neurol 2007;22:375–378

Bergqvist AG, Chee CM, Lutchka L, et al. Selenium deficiency with cardiomyopathy: a complication of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia 2003;44:618–620

Bank IM, Shemie SD, Rosenblatt B, et al. Sudden cardiac death in association with the ketogenic diet. Pediatr Neurol 2008;39:429–431

Ballaban-Gil K, Callahan C, O’Dell C, et al. Complications of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia 1998;39:744– 748

Kossoff, E.H., Turner, Z., and Bergey, G.K. (2007). Home- guided use of the ketogenic diet in a patient for more than 20 years. Pediatr Neurol 36, 424– 425

Martinez CC, Pyzik PL, Kossoff EH. Discontinuing the ketogenic diet in seizure-free children: recurrence and risk factors. Epilepsia 2007;48:187–190

Worden LT, Turner Z, Pyzik PL, et al. Is there an ideal way to discontinue the ketogenic diet? Epilepsy Res 2011;95:232–236