Release Date: 2024-05-30

Depression: Definition, Epidemiology, Etiology, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Classification and Prognosis

Baris Can Salman (Author), Mehmet Gunes (Author)

Release Date: 2024-05-30

This section contains information about the definition, epidemiology, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, classification, and prognosis of depression. Depression is a psychiatric condition characterized by depressed or anhedonic mood for at least two weeks, as well as symptoms and loss of functionality in many areas. The concepts of "melancholia" and "black bile", which also include the symptoms [...]

Media Type
    Buy from

    Price may vary by retailers

    Work TypeBook Chapter
    Published inDepression Treatment Updates
    First Page1
    Last Page21
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359456.1
    Page Count21
    Copyright HolderNobel Tıp Kitabevleri
    Licensehttps://nobelpub.com/publish-with-us/copyright-and-licensing

    This section contains information about the definition, epidemiology, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, classification, and prognosis of depression. Depression is a psychiatric condition characterized by depressed or anhedonic mood for at least two weeks, as well as symptoms and loss of functionality in many areas. The concepts of "melancholia" and "black bile", which also include the symptoms of depression, were formed during the Hippocratic period and were shaped throughout the historical process. With the formation of the DSM and ICD diagnostic systems in the twentieth century, the diagnostic criteria and classification of depression took their final form. According to the current data from the World Health Organization, the 1-year prevalence of unipolar depression is 6.6%, and the lifetime prevalence of depression is 16.2%. Genetic factors such as polymorphism in MAO-A and BDNF genes, inadequate functioning of monoamines, monoamine receptor up-regulation, endocrine system irregularities such as HPA anomaly, psychosocial factors such as loss of parents in early childhood, self-perception and hopeless schemas about the future are involved in the etiology of depression.

    Baris Can Salman (Author)
    Research Assistant, Dicle University
    https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0409-6296
    3Dr. Barış Can SALMAN studied at Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine between 2009-2015. He graduated from Dicle University Faculty of Medicine in 2015 and received the title of Medical Doctor. He worked as a general practitioner in the provinces of Mardin and Istanbul as part of his compulsory service obligation. In 2023, he started working as a research assistant at Dicle University Psychiatry Department and still continues this position. He is a member of two organizations related to his profession.

    Mehmet Gunes (Author)
    Associate Professor, Dicle University
    https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3979-5990
    3Associate Professor Mehmet Güneş graduated from Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine in 2001 and received the title of Doctor of Medicine. He worked as a general practitioner at Şanlıurfa/Birecik central health center between 2001-2003. He did his military service in the Subatan border battalion in Kars province between 2003-2004. In 2005, Harran University started its mental health and diseases specialty training in the USA. I graduated from Harran University Faculty of Medicine in 2009 and received the title of Psychiatrist. He worked as a Mental Health and Diseases Specialist at Şanlıurfa/Birecik State Hospital during his compulsory service obligation in 2009-2011. In 2012, he started working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at Dicle University Faculty of Medicine. He has articles published in domestic and international journals.

    • Öztürk MO, Uluşahin NA. Ruh Sağlığı ve Bozuklukları (16. Baskı). Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, Duygu-Durum Bozuklukları. 2020; 259-329

    • Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Kaplan& Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 2007; 1560-1707

    • Brink A. Depression and Loss: A Theme in Robert Burton’s “Anatomy of Melancholy”(1621). The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 1979; 24(8); 767-772.

    • Mondimore FM. Kraepelin and manic-depressive insanity: a historical perspective. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2005; Feb; 17(1)

    • Horwitz AV, Wakefield J C & Lorenzo-Luaces L. History of depression. The Oxford handbook of mood disorders. 2016; 11-23.

    • Gao S, Calhoun VD, Sui J. Machine learning in major depression: From classification to treatment outcome prediction. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics. 2018; 24(11): 1037-1052.

    • https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders/? gad_BQEiwAXhMxtstT67HRhnUFW1jSQZKW8wmsbzH9dx_GBxOVL_M6ID1- XznSA71syhoCg5gQAvD_BwE

    • Akiskal H S. Mood disorders: clinical features. Kaplan &Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry’, B J Sadock and V A Sadock, Ed. 2009 Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins S. 2009; 1693-733.

    • Horwath E. Epidemiology of depression and anxiety disorders. Textbook in Psychiatric Epidemiology, M T Tsuang, M Tohen ve G E P Zahner. Ed. 1995; Wiley-Liss: New York

    • Ebmeier KP et. All. Recent developments and current controversies in depression. Lancet. 2006; 367: 8, 153-167.

    • Kupfer DJ et. All. Major depressive disorder: new clinical, neurobiological, and treatment perspectives. Lancet. 2012; 379: 8, 1045-1055.

    • McGowan PO et. All. Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associate vita childhood abuse. Nat Neurosci. 2009; 12: 8, 342-8.

    • SL, Bleich A, Van Praag HM. The monoamine hypothesis of depression: The case for serotonin. In Role of Serotonin in Psychiatric Disorders. Routledge. 2023; 91-128

    • Stahl SM. Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology. Fourth Editions. Cambridge Medicine. 2013; 237-470.

    • Juruena MF, Bocharova M, Agustini B, Young AH. Atypical depression and nonatypical depression: Is HPA axis function a biomarker? A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2018; 233, 45-67.

    • Saveanu RV, Nemeroff C. Etiology of depression: genetic and environmental factors. Psychiat dia North Am. 2012; 35: 8, 51-71.

    • Thase ME. Mood disorders: Neurobiology. Kaplan & Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Pesychiatry de, BJ Sadock, VA Sadock ve P Ruiz, Ed. 2009, Wolters Klüver / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: U.S.A. 2009; 8: 1664-1675.

    • Provencio I. Chronobiology. Kaplan & Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, B J Sadock, V A Sadock and P. Ruiz, Ed. 2009, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia. 2009; 198-211

    • Özgüven HD. Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları, Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Yayınları. 2014; 444, 81-96

    • Schmitz N, Kugler J & Rollnik J. On the relation between neuroticism, self-esteem, and depression: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Comprehensive psychiatry. 2003; 44(3), 169-176.

    • Tükel R, Çakır S , Ertekin E. Psikiyatri, İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitaevleri. 2017; Sayfa: 41-53.

    • Neugebauer R., Wickramaratne P, Svob C, McClintock C H, Gameroff M J, Miller L & Conway A. Contribution of religion/spirituality and major depressive disorder to altruism. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2020; 262, page 16-22.

    • Beck A T at all. Cognitive Therapy of Depression.New York: Guilford Press. 1983.

    • Villarroel M A, Terlizzi E P. Symptoms of depression among adults: United States. 2019.

    • Chahar Mahali S, Beshai S, Feeney J R & Mishra S. Associations of negative cognitions, emotional regulation, and depression symptoms across four continents: International support for the cognitive model of depression. BMC psychiatry. 2020; 20, page 1-12.

    • Øverland S, Woicik W, Sikora L, Whittaker K, Heli H, Skjelkvåle F S, Colman I. Seasonality and symptoms of depression: A systematic review of the literature. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences. 2020; 29, page31.

    • Uher R At all .Major Depressive Disorder in DSM-5: Implications for Clinical Practice and Research of Changes from DSM-IV. Depress Anxiety. 2014; 31: 8, page 459-471.

    • Uher R et. All. Measuring depression: comparison and integration of three scales in the GENDEP study. Psychol Med. 2008; 38, page 289-300.

    • Brodaty H & Connors M H. Pseudodementia, pseudo‐pseudodementia, and pseudodepression. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring. 2020; 12(1), e12027.

    • Galvão-Coelho N L, Marx W, Gonzalez M, Sinclair J, de Manincor M, Perkins D, Sarris J. Classic serotonergic psychedelics for mood and depressive symptoms: a metaanalysis of mood disorder patients and healthy participants. Psychopharmacology. 2021; 238, page 341-354.

    • Rishimaki K et. All. Incidence and predictors of suicide attempts among primarycare patients with depressive disorders: a 5-year prospective study. Psychol Med. 2014; 44: 8, page 291-302.

    • Hawton K et. All. Risk factors for suicide in individuals with depression: a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2013; 147: 8, page 17-28.

    • Isometsa E. Suicidal behaviour in mood disorders--who, when, and why? Can J Psychiatry. 2014; 59: 8, page 120-30

    • Difrancesco S, Penninx B W, Riese H, Giltay E J, Lamers, F. The role of depressive symptoms and symptom dimensions in actigraphy-assessed sleep, circadian rhythm, and physical activity. Psychological medicine. 2022; 52(13), page 2760- 2766.

    • Matcham F, Simblett S K, Leightley D, Dalby M, Siddi S, Haro J M & Wykes T . The association between persistent cognitive difficulties and depression and functional outcomes in people with major depressive disorder. Psychological medicine. 2023; 53(13), page 6334-6344.

    • DSM-5-TR. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision, American Psychiatric Association. 2022.

    • Parker G. Diagnosing melancholic depression: some personal observations. Australas Psychiatry. 2017; 25, page 21-24.

    • Parker G, Roy K, Hadzi-Pavlovic D et. All. Psychotic (delusional) depression: a meta-analysis of physical treatments. J Affect Disord. 1992; 24, page 17-24.

    • Altınbaş K, Akdeniz F, Bozkurt A. Depresyon Sağaltım Kitabı, Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği Yayınları/Çalışma Birimleri Dizisi:32. 2022; Sayfa: 10

    • Segal Z V et. All. Challenges in preventing relapse in major depression. Report of a National Institute of Mental Health Workshop on state of the science of relapse prevention in major depression. J Affect Disord. 2003; 77: 8, page 97-108.

    • Rothschild AJ. Challenges in the treatment of depression with psychotic features. Biol Psychiatry. 2003; 53, page 680-690.

    • Solomon DbA et. All. Multiple recurrences of major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2000; 157: 8, page 229-233.

    • Agosti V. Predictors of remission from chronic depression: A prospective study in a nationally representative sample. Compr Psychiatry. 2013.

    onix_3.0::thothThoth ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::project_museProject MUSE ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::oapenOAPEN ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::jstorJSTOR ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::google_booksGoogle Books ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::overdriveOverDrive ONIX 3.0
    onix_2.1::ebsco_hostEBSCO Host ONIX 2.1
    csv::thothThoth CSV
    json::thothThoth JSON
    kbart::oclcOCLC KBART
    bibtex::thothThoth BibTeX
    doideposit::crossrefCrossRef DOI deposit
    onix_2.1::proquest_ebraryProQuest Ebrary ONIX 2.1
    marc21record::thothThoth MARC 21 Record
    marc21markup::thothThoth MARC 21 Markup
    marc21xml::thothThoth MARC 21 XML

    Share This Chapter!