Release Date: 2024-01-16

Furan

Yagmur Emre Arican (Author)

Release Date: 2024-01-16

Furan, a volatile compound with a strong etheric odor and flammability, is a crucial component in the industrial context, producing various chemicals such as pyrrole, thiophene, tetrahydrofuran, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. It is also used as a solvent for resins in organic synthesis and is present in many foods, including carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, vitamin [...]

Media Type
    Buy from

    Price may vary by retailers

    Work TypeBook Chapter
    Published inFood Safety
    First Page181
    Last Page194
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053358787.13
    Page Count14
    Copyright HolderNobel Tıp Kitabevleri
    Licensehttps://nobelpub.com/publish-with-us/copyright-and-licensing

    Furan, a volatile compound with a strong etheric odor and flammability, is a crucial component in the industrial context, producing various chemicals such as pyrrole, thiophene, tetrahydrofuran, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. It is also used as a solvent for resins in organic synthesis and is present in many foods, including carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, vitamin C, and amino acids, due to thermal processes and high-energy radiation used in the food manufacturing industry. Furan and its derivatives are utilized in the refining of tobacco and as flavoring agents in specific products.
    Furan can be generated and emitted into the environment due to human activities like combustion, fire, exhaust, and cigarette smoke. When heated, it enhances oxidative processes in lipids and proteins, impacting free radicals and antioxidant defense. Furan is a toxic substance that can cause skin irritation, burns, headaches, dizziness, shortness of breath, and loss of consciousness. Its vapor is narcotic and acts as a central nervous system depressant, leading to pulmonary edema and potentially death. Both acute oral or dermal exposure and chronic exposure are linked to significant toxicity.
    Furan is present in both professionally produced and handmade meals, contributing to their taste. In adults, susceptibility to furan exposure is due to coffee, while grains are considered the largest contributor to furan exposure in children and adolescents. High concentrations of furans are found in roasted coffee, heat-treated foods, and crispy and dry products like toast or bread crusts. Health institutions are apprehensive about furan’s deleterious characteristics, as studies conducted on rodents have demonstrated its toxicity primarily impacts the liver.

    Yagmur Emre Arican (Author)
    Asst. Prof., Süleyman Demirel University
    https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6910-2553
    3Yağmur Emre Arıcan is an assistant professor in the Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology at Faculty of Pharmacy, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey. He obtained his PhD degree in Pharmaceutical Toxicology from İstanbul University in 2017. He has authored or co-authored 4 publications in journals. His publications have received 93 citations, with an h-index of 3. Throughout his academic career, he has written several books and book chapters, making significant contributions to the scientific field, and being placed as editor in some of them. He has taught toxicology at the undergraduate level.

    • Muzammil S, Ashraf A, Muzammil A, Andleeb R, Rafique A. Role of Furans as EDCs in Metabolic Disorders. In: Akash MSH, Rehman K, Hashmi MZ, editors. Emerging Contaminants and Associated Treatment Technologies: Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals-induced Metabolic Disorders and Treatment Strategies. Cham: Springer Nature; 2021. p. 175–203.

    • Bakhiya N, Appel KE. Toxicity and carcinogenicity of furan in human diet. Arch Toxicol [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2023 Oct 6];84(7):563–78. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/ s00204-010-0531-y

    • Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, et al. Risks for public health related to the presence of furan and methylfurans in food. EFSA Journal. 2017;15(10).

    • Crews C. Processing Contaminants: Furan. In: Motarjemi Y, Moy G, Todd E, editors. Encyclopedia of Food Safety. Londın: Elsevier : Academic Press; 2014. p. 399–403.

    • Pohanish RP. Sittig’s Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens. 7th ed. Vol. 2. Cambridge,: Elsevier: William Andrew; 2017. 1490–1492 p.

    • Shibamoto T. Biological and Chemical Activities of Furan. In: Yu L (Lucy), Wang S, Sun BG, editors. Food Safety Chemistry: Toxicant Occurrence, Analysis and Mitigation. Florida: Taylor & Francis Group: CRC Press; 2015. p. 35–53.

    • National Toxicology Program. Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Furan (Cas No. 110-00-9) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F Mice (Gavage Studies). North Carolina; 1993.

    • Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels; Committee on Toxicology; National Research Council. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals. Washington; 2010.

    • Scholz G, Stadler RH. Furan and Alkylfurans: Occurrence and Risk Assessment. In: Melton L, Shahidi F, Varelis P, editors. Encyclopedia of Food Chemistry. Oxford: Elsevier; 2019. p. 532–42.

    • Arisseto AP. Furan in processed foods. In: Kotzekidou P, editor. Food Hygiene and Toxicology in Ready-to-Eat Foods. Oxford: Elsevier: Academic Press; 2016. p. 383–96.

    • McMurtry RJ, Mitchell JR. Renal and hepatic necrosis after metabolic activation of 2-substituted furans and thiophenes, including furosemide and cephaloridine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1977;42(2):285– 300.

    • Wiley RA, Traiger GJ, Baraban S, Gammal LM. Toxicity-distribution relationships among 3-alkylfurans in mouse liver and kidney. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1984;74(1):1–9.

    • Egle JL, Gochberg BJ. Respiratory retention and acute toxicity of furan. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J [Internet]. 1979 [cited 2023 Oct 15];40(4):310–4. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ abs/10.1080/15298667991429633

    • Wilson DM, Goldsworthy TL, Popp JA, Butterworth BE. Evaluation of genotoxicity, pathological lesions, and cell proliferation in livers of rats and mice treated with furan. Environ Mol Mutagen [Internet]. 1992 [cited 2023 Oct 13];19(3):209–22. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ full/10.1002/em.2850190305

    • Fransson-Steen R, Goldsworthy TL, Kedderis GL, Maronpot RR. Furan-induced liver cell proliferation and apoptosis in female B6C3F1 mice. Toxicology. 1997;118(2–3):195–204.

    • Moser GJ, Foley J, Burnett M, Goldsworthy TL, Maronpot R. Furan-induced dose-response relationships for liver cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, and tumorigenicity (furan-induced liver tumorigenicity). Exp Toxicol Pathol [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2023 Oct 5];61(2):101–11. Available from: https://pubmed. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18809303/

    • Cordelli E, Leopardi P, Villani P, Marcon F, Macrì C, Caiola S, et al. Toxic and genotoxic effects of oral administration of furan in mouse liver. Mutagenesis. 2010;25(3):305–14.

    • Hickling KC, Hitchcock JM, Chipman JK, Hammond TG, Evans JG. Induction and progression of cholangiofibrosis in rat liver injured by oral administration of furan. Toxicol Pathol. 2010;38(2):213– 29.

    • Mally A, Graff C, Schmal O, Moro S, Hamberger C, Schauer UM, et al. Functional and proliferative effects of repeated low-dose oral administration of furan in rat liver. Mol Nutr Food Res [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2024 Jan 26];54(11):1556–67. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ mnfr.201000064

    • Elmore LW, Sirica AE. Phenotypic Characterization of Metaplastic Intestinal Glands and Ductular Hepatocytes in Cholangiofibrotic Lesions Rapidly Induced in the Caudate Liver Lobe of Rats Treated with Furan. Cancer Res [Internet]. 1991;51(20):5752–9. Available from: http://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article-pdf/51/20/5752/2444993/cr0510205752.pdf

    • Sirica AE, Cole SL, Williams T. A unique rat model of bile ductular hyperplasia in which liver is almost totally replaced with well-differentiated bile ductules. Am J Pathol [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2023 Oct 15];144(6):1268. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC1887473/?report=abstract

    • Alam RT, Zeid EHA, Imam TS. Protective role of quercetin against hematotoxic and immunotoxic effects of furan in rats. Environmental Science and Pollution Research [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2023 Oct 15];24(4):3780–9. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-016-8108-9

    • Selmanoğlu G, Karacaoğlu E, Kiliç A, Koçkaya EA, Akay MT. Toxicity of food contaminant furan on liver and kidney of growing male rats. Environ Toxicol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2023 Oct 15];27(10):613– 22. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/tox.20673

    • Gill S, Bondy G, Lefebvre DE, Becalski A, Kavanagh M, Hou Y, et al. Subchronic oral toxicity study of furan in fischer-344 rats. Toxicol Pathol. 2010;38(4):619–30.

    • Gill S, Kavanagh M, Barker M, Weld M, Vavasour E, Hou Y, et al. Subchronic oral toxicity study of furan in B6C3F1 mice. Toxicol Pathol. 2011;39(5):787–94.

    • Koçkaya EA, Kiliç A, Karacaoğlu E, Selmanoğlu G. Does furan affect the thymus in growing male rats? Drug Chem Toxicol [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2023 Oct 15];35(3):316–23. Available from: https://www. tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/01480545.2011.619191

    • Maronpot RR, Giles HD, Dykes DJ, Irwin RD. Furan-induced hepatic cholangiocarcinomas in Fischer 344 rats. Toxicol Pathol. 1991;19(4 II):561–70.

    • Von Tungeln LS, Walker NJ, Olson GR, Mendoza MCB, Felton RP, Thorn BT, et al. Low dose assessment of the carcinogenicity of furan in male F344/N Nctr rats in a 2-year gavage study. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2017;99:170–81.

    • Johansson E, Reynolds S, Anderson M, Maronpot R. Frequency of Ha-ras-1 Gene Mutations Inversely Correlated With Furan Dose in Mouse Liver Tumors. Mol Carcinog [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2023 Oct 20];18:199–205. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/

    • Carfagna MA, Held SD, Kedderis GL. Furan-Induced Cytolethality in Isolated Rat Hepatocytes: Correspondence with in Vivo Dosimetry. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1993;123(2):265–73.

    • Mugford CA, Carfagna MA, Kedderis GL. Furan-Mediated Uncoupling of Hepatic Oxidative Phosphorylation in Fischer-344 Rats: An Early Event in Cell Death. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1997;144(1):1–11.

    • Lee H, Shuh Shyuan Bian, Yi Ling Chen. Genotoxicity of 1,3-dithiane and 1,4-dithiane in the CHO/SCE assay and the Salmonella/microsomal test. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology. 1994;321(4):213–8.

    • Foureman P, Mason JM, Valencia R, Zimmering S. Chemical mutagenesis testing in Drosophila. IX. Results of 50 coded compounds tested for the national toxicology program. Environ Mol Mutagen [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2023 Oct 14];23(1):51–63. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ full/10.1002/em.2850230109

    • McGregor DB, Brown AG, Howgate S, McBride D, Riach C, Caspary WJ, et al. Responses of the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell forward mutation assay. V: 27 coded chemicals. Environ Mol Mutagen [Internet]. 1991 [cited 2023 Oct 14];17(3):196–219. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ doi/full/10.1002/em.2850170309

    • Glatt H, Schneider H, Liu Y. V79-hCYP2E1-hSULT1A1, a cell line for the sensitive detection of genotoxic effects induced by carbohydrate pyrolysis products and other food-borne chemicals. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2005;580(1–2):41–52.

    • Kellert M, Wagner S, Lutz U, Lutz WK. Biomarkers of furan exposure by metabolic profiling of rat urine with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and principal component analysis. Chem Res Toxicol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2023 Oct 14];21(3):761–8. Available from: https://pubs.acs. org/doi/full/10.1021/tx7004212

    • Durling LJK, Svensson K, Abramsson-Zetterberg L. Furan is not genotoxic in the micronucleus assay in vivo or in vitro. Toxicol Lett. 2007;169(1):43–50.

    • Kellert M, Brink A, Richter I, Schlatter J, Lutz WK. Tests for genotoxicity and mutagenicity of furan and its metabolite cis-2-butene-1,4-dial in L5178Y tk+/− mouse lymphoma cells. Mutation Research/ Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2008;657(2):127–32.

    • Leopardi P, Cordelli E, Villani P, Cremona TP, Conti L, De Luca G, et al. Assessment of in vivo gen-otoxicity of the rodent carcinogen furan: evaluation of DNA damage and induction of micronuclei in mouse splenocytes. Mutagenesis [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2024 Jan 25];25(1):57–62. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mutage/gep043

    • Neuwirth C, Mosesso P, Pepe G, Fiore M, Malfatti M, Turteltaub K, et al. Furan carcinogenicity: DNA binding and genotoxicity of furan in rats in vivo. Mol Nutr Food Res [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2024 Jan 25];56(9):1363–74. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mnfr.201200226

    • Wang E, Chen F, Hu X, Yuan Y. Protective effects of apigenin against furan-induced toxicity in mice. Food Funct [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2024 Jan 25];5(8):1804–12. Available from: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/ content/articlehtml/2014/fo/c4fo00038b

    • Terrell AN, Huynh M, Grill AE, Kovi RC, O’Sullivan MG, Guttenplan JB, et al. Mutagenicity of furan in female Big Blue B6C3F1 mice. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2014;770:46–54.

    • Reynolds SH, Stowers SJ, Patterson RM, Maronpot RR, Aaronson SA, Anderson MW. Activated On-cogenes in B6C3F1 Mouse Liver Tumors: Implications for Risk Assessment. Science (1979) [Internet]. 1987 [cited 2024 Jan 25];237(4820):1309–16. Available from: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/ science.3629242

    • McDaniel LP, Ding W, Dobrovolsky VN, Shaddock JG, Mittelstaedt RA, Doerge DR, et al. Genotoxic-ity of furan in Big Blue rats. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2012;742(1–2):72–8.

    • Ding W, Petibone DM, Latendresse JR, Pearce MG, Muskhelishvili L, White GA, et al. In vivo gen-otoxicity of furan in F344 rats at cancer bioassay doses. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2012;261(2):164– 71.

    • Hibi D, Yokoo Y, Suzuki Y, Ishii Y, Jin M, Kijima A, et al. Lack of genotoxic mechanisms in early-stage furan-induced hepatocellular tumorigenesis in gpt delta rats. Journal of Applied Toxicology [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2024 Jan 25];37(2):142–9. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ jat.3331

    • Jeffrey AM, Brunnemann KD, Duan JD, Schlatter J, Williams GM. Furan induction of DNA cross-linking and strand breaks in turkey fetal liver in comparison to 1,3-propanediol. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2012;50(3–4):675–8.

    • Elmore LW, Sirica AE. “Intestinal-type” of Adenocarcinoma Preferentially Induced in Right/Caudate Liver Lobes of Rats Treated with Furan. Cancer Research | American Association for Cancer Research. 1993;53(2):254–9.

    • Sikorski ZE, Staroszczyk H. The Effect of Processing on the Safety and Nutritional Value of Food. In: Witczak A, Sikorski ZE, editors. Toxins and Other Harmful Compounds in Foods. Florida: Taylor & Francis Group: CRC Press; 2017. p. 369–401.

    • Williams JR, Rayburn JR, Cline GR, Sauterer R, Friedman M. Potential protective effect of l -cysteine against the toxicity of acrylamide and furan in exposed xenopus laevis embryos: An interaction study. J Agric Food Chem [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2024 Jan 25];62(31):7927–38. Available from: https://pubs. acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/jf5013743

    • Kara Ö, Baş H, Pandır D. Furan toxicity on testes and protective role of lycopene in diabetic rats. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2024 Jan 25];17(4):196. Available from: /pmc/articles/ PMC5147757/

    • Karacaoĝlu E, Selmanoĝlu G. Effects of heat-induced food contaminant furan on reproductive system of male rats from weaning through postpuberty. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2010;48(5):1293– 301.

    • El-Akabawy G, El-Sherif NM. Protective role of garlic oil against oxidative damage induced by furan exposure from weaning through adulthood in adult rat testis. Acta Histochem. 2016;118(5):456–63.

    • Cooke GM, Taylor M, Bourque C, Curran I, Gurofsky S, Gill S. Effects of furan on male rat reproduction parameters in a 90-day gavage study. Reproductive Toxicology. 2014;46:85–90.

    • Jun H jin, Lee KG, Lee YK, Woo GJ, Park YS, Lee SJ. Correlation of urinary furan with plasma γ-glutamyltranspeptidase levels in healthy men and women. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2008;46(5):1753–9.

    • Lee YK, Lee SJ, Lee KG. Analysis of Residual Furan in Human Blood Using Solid Phase Microex-traction-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS). Korea Science: Food Science and Biotechnology. 2009;18(2):379–83.

    • Nunes J, Martins IL, Charneira C, Pogribny IP, de Conti A, Beland FA, et al. New insights into the molecular mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis: In vivo adduction of histone H2B by a reactive metabolite of the chemical carcinogen furan. Toxicol Lett. 2016;264:106–13.

    • Ravindranath V, Burka LT, Boyd MR. Reactive Metabolites From the Bioactivation of Toxic Methylfurans. Science (1979) [Internet]. 1984 [cited 2024 Jan 26];224(4648):884–6. Available from: https:// www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.6719117

    • Chen LJ, Hecht SS, Peterson LA. Characterization of amino acid and glutathione adducts of cis-2-butene- 1,4-dial, a reactive metabolite of furan. Chem Res Toxicol [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2024 Jan 26];10(8):866–74. Available from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/tx9700174

    • Hamberger C, Kellert M, Schauer UM, Dekant W, Mally A. Hepatobiliary toxicity of furan: identification of furan metabolites in bile of male f344/n rats. Drug Metab Dispos [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2024 Jan 26];38(10):1698–706. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20639435/

    • Moro S, Chipman JK, Antczak P, Turan N, Dekant W, Falciani F, et al. Identification and Pathway Mapping of Furan Target Proteins Reveal Mitochondrial Energy Production and Redox Regulation as Critical Targets of Furan Toxicity. Toxicological Sciences [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2024 Jan 26];126(2):336– 52. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfs005

    • Ramm S, Limbeck E, Mally A. Functional and cellular consequences of covalent target protein modification by furan in rat liver. Toxicology. 2016;361–362:49–61.

    • Byrns MC, Predecki DP, Peterson LA. Characterization of nucleoside adducts of cis-2-butene-1,4-dial, a reactive metabolite of furan. Chem Res Toxicol [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2024 Jan 26];15(3):373–9. Available from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/tx0101402

    • Byrns MC, Vu CC, Neidigh JW, Abad JL, Jones RA, Peterson LA. Detection of DNA adducts derived from the reactive metabolite of furan, cis-2-butene-1,4-dial. Chem Res Toxicol [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2024 Jan 26];19(3):414–20. Available from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/tx050302k

    • Byrns MC, Vu CC, Peterson LA. The formation of substituted 1,N6-etheno-2’-deoxyadenosine and 1,N2-etheno-2’-deoxyguanosine adducts by cis-2-butene-1,4-dial, a reactive metabolite of furan. Chem Res Toxicol [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2024 Jan 26];17(12):1607–13. Available from: https://pubs. acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/tx049866z

    • Hamadeh HK, Jayadev S, Gaillard ET, Huang Q, Stoll R, Blanchard K, et al. Integration of clinical and gene expression endpoints to explore furan-mediated hepatotoxicity. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 2004;549(1–2):169–83.

    • Chen T, Mally A, Ozden S, Chipman JK. Low doses of the carcinogen furan alter cell cycle and apoptosis gene expression in rat liver independent of DNA methylation. Environ Health Perspect [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2024 Jan 26];118(11):1597–602. Available from: https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ ehp.1002153

    • Dong H, Gill S, Curran IH, Williams A, Kuo B, Wade MG, et al. Toxicogenomic assessment of liver responses following subchronic exposure to furan in Fischer F344 rats. Arch Toxicol [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2024 Jan 26];90(6):1351–67. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00204-015-1561-2

    • Butterworth BE, Sprankle CS, Goldsworthy SM, Wilson DM, Goldsworthy TL. Expression of myc, fos, and ha-ras in the livers of furan-treated f344 rats and b6c3f1 mice. Mol Carcinog [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2024 Jan 26];9(1):24–32. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ mc.2940090106

    • de Conti A, Kobets T, Escudero-Lourdes C, Montgomery B, Tryndyak V, Beland FA, et al. Dose- and Time-Dependent Epigenetic Changes in the Livers of Fisher 344 Rats Exposed to Furan. Toxicological Sciences [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2024 Jan 26];139(2):371–80. Available from: https://dx.doi. org/10.1093/toxsci/kfu044

    • de Conti A, Tryndyak V, Doerge DR, Beland FA, Pogribny IP. Irreversible down-regulation of miR-375 in the livers of Fischer 344 rats after chronic furan exposure. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2016;98:2–10.

    • Tryndyak V, de Conti A, Doerge DR, Olson GR, Beland FA, Pogribny IP. Furan-induced transcrip-tomic and gene-specific DNA methylation changes in the livers of Fischer 344 rats in a 2-year carcinogenicity study. Arch Toxicol [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2024 Jan 26];91(3):1233–43. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00204-016-1786-8

    • Sirica AE. Biliary proliferation and adaptation in furan-induced rat liver injury and carcinogenesis. Toxicol Pathol. 1996;24(1):90–9.

    • Sirica AE, Gainey TW, Mumaw VR. Ductular hepatocytes. Evidence for a bile ductular cell origin in furan-treated rats. Am J Pathol [Internet]. 1994 [cited 2024 Jan 26];145(2):375. Available from: /pmc/ articles/PMC1887378/?report=abstract

    • Sirica AE, Gainey TW. A new rat bile ductular epithelial cell culture model characterized by the appearance of polarized bile ducts in vitro. Hepatology. 1997;26(3):537–49.

    • Lai GH, Radaeva S, Nakamura T, Sirica AE. Unique epithelial cell production of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor by putative precancerous intestinal metaplasias and associated “intestinal-type” bili-ary cancer chemically induced in rat liver. Hepatology [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2024 Jan 26];31(6):1257– 65. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1053/jhep.2000.8108

    • Elmore LW, Sirica AE. Sequential appearance of intestinal mucosal cell types in the right and caudate liver lobes of furan-treated rats. Hepatology [Internet]. 1992 [cited 2024 Jan 26];16(5):1220–6. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/hep.1840160519

    • Jackson AF, Williams A, Recio L, Waters MD, Lambert IB, Yauk CL. Case study on the utility of hepatic global gene expression profiling in the risk assessment of the carcinogen furan. Toxicol Appl Pharma-col. 2014;274(1):63–77.

    • Jaeschke H, McGill MR, Ramachandran A. Oxidant stress, mitochondria, and cell death mechanisms in drug-induced liver injury: Lessons learned from acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Drug Metab Rev [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2024 Jan 29];44(1):88–106. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/ abs/10.3109/03602532.2011.602688

    • Furihata C, Watanabe T, Suzuki T, Hamada S, Nakajima M. Collaborative studies in Toxicogenomics in rodent liver in JEMS·MMS; a useful application of principal component analysis on Toxicogenom-ics. Genes and Environment [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2024 Jan 29];38(1):1–10. Available from: https:// genesenvironment.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41021-016-0041-0

    • Phuong J, Kim S, Thomas R, Zhang L. Predicted toxicity of the biofuel candidate 2,5-dimethylfu-ran in environmental and biological systems. Environ Mol Mutagen [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2024 Jan 29];53(6):478–87. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/em.21702

    • National Library of Medicine. PubChem. 2023 [cited 2023 Oct 15]. Furan | C4H4O | CID 8029 . Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/8029

    onix_3.0::thothThoth ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::project_museProject MUSE ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::oapenOAPEN ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::jstorJSTOR ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::google_booksGoogle Books ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::overdriveOverDrive ONIX 3.0
    onix_2.1::ebsco_hostEBSCO Host ONIX 2.1
    csv::thothThoth CSV
    json::thothThoth JSON
    kbart::oclcOCLC KBART
    bibtex::thothThoth BibTeX
    doideposit::crossrefCrossRef DOI deposit
    onix_2.1::proquest_ebraryProQuest Ebrary ONIX 2.1
    marc21record::thothThoth MARC 21 Record
    marc21markup::thothThoth MARC 21 Markup
    marc21xml::thothThoth MARC 21 XML

    Share This Chapter!