Signal transmission in neurons is a fundamental process that underpins brain function and behavior. This intricate communication system relies on the precise operation of ion channels and neurotransmitters. Neurons communicate through electrical signals known as action potentials. An action potential begins when a neuron receives a sufficient stimulus, causing a rapid change in the electrical charge across its membrane. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic neuron. Common neurotransmitters include glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. Each neurotransmitter binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, causing ion channels to open or close, which alters the postsynaptic membrane potential. This section delves into the mechanisms of signal transmission within neurons, detailing action potential generation and propagation and the roles of ion channels and membrane potential. It offers a comprehensive analysis of synaptic transmission, explaining how neurons communicate through neurotransmitters and receptor interactions, emphasizing their role in brain information processing. Additionally, it explores the impact of metabolic dysfunctions on neuronal health, addressing how disturbances in energy metabolism can lead to neuron dysfunction and neurological diseases like Alzheimer’s. The section underscores the importance of maintaining metabolic integrity for neuronal survival and optimal function, providing a thorough understanding of neuronal physiology.