Release Date: 2024-06-07

Salvia (Sage) Species, a Game-Changer Bioactive Plant: Focus on Antioxidant Properties

Oguz Cakir (Author), Mustafa Abdullah Yilmaz (Author)

Release Date: 2024-06-07

The demand for natural, health-oriented food additives and components has increased, with plant-based foods rich in phytochemicals like phenolic compounds being beneficial for human health. Salvia species, the largest plant family in the Lamiaceae, contain over nine hundred species, including sage, which has numerous beneficial uses and biological properties. Sage extracts have shown antioxidant, hypoglycemic, [...]

Media Type
    Buy from

    Price may vary by retailers

    Work TypeBook Chapter
    Published inNatural Antioxidants and in Vitro Antioxidant Assays
    First Page71
    Last Page98
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053359333.4
    Page Count28
    Copyright HolderNobel Tıp Kitabevleri
    Licensehttps://nobelpub.com/publish-with-us/copyright-and-licensing

    The demand for natural, health-oriented food additives and components has increased, with plant-based foods rich in phytochemicals like phenolic compounds being beneficial for human health. Salvia species, the largest plant family in the Lamiaceae, contain over nine hundred species, including sage, which has numerous beneficial uses and biological properties. Sage extracts have shown antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antitumor, anticholinesterase, antimicrobial, and liver-protective properties. S. officinalis L. has been suggested to have an anti-radical effect against uranium toxicity. Sage essential oil (EO) has antibacterial, antifungal, and free radical scavenging properties. S. miltiorrhiza has been given special attention for treating viral illnesses, with quinoone diterpenes being the most intriguing. Antioxidant activity evaluation techniques have evolved over the past decade, with chemical assays and novel detection technologies replacing earlier approaches. In vitro chemical tests, such as hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and single electron transfer (SET) procedures, are used to assess antioxidant capacity. Electron transfer (ET) assays measure antioxidant activity by transferring electrons and lower metallic ions, carbonyl groups, and free radicals. Mixed tests (HAT/SET) determine the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of a compound or extract. In vivo animal experiments are used to assess the antioxidant activity of natural extracts. Future research should focus on sage’s antioxidant properties, its mode of action, and the varying compositions of different species.

    Oguz Cakir (Author)
    PhD, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Dicle University
    https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8006-2054
    3B.S. 2008, Chemistry, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University M.Sc. 2011, Chemistry, Inonu University Ph.D. 2017, Chemistry, Dicle University ACADEMIC WORK and EMPLOYMENT Dicle University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Associate Professor, 2023-Present. RESEARCH Research Areas: analytical method validation, phytochemical analyses by HPLC, LC-MS/MS, and high-resolution mass spectrometry, and bioactivity investigation of natural products such as antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and cytotoxicity.

    Mustafa Abdullah Yilmaz (Author)
    PhD, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Dicle University
    https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4090-7227
    3Born: December 30, 1979 B.S. 2004, Chemistry, Middle East Technical University M.Sc. 2009, Chemistry, Harran University Ph.D. 2015, Chemistry, Dicle University ACADEMIC WORK and EMPLOYMENT Dicle University, Faculty of Pharmacy Associate Professor, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 2021-Present. Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 2016-2021. Head of Mass Spectrometry and Chromatography Unit Dicle University Science and Technology Research and Application Center (DUBTAM), 2012-2021. RESEARCH Research Areas: analytical method validation, phytochemical analyses by HPLC, LC-MS/MS, and high-resolution mass spectrometry, and bioactivity investigation of natural products such as antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and cytotoxicity. WOS h index:23 120 scientific papers

    • Afonso, A. F., Pereira, O. R., & Cardoso, S. M. Salvia species as nutraceuticals: Focus on antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-obesity properties. Applied Sciences, 2021, 11(20), 9365.

    • Yılmaz, M.A., Cakir, O., İzol, E., Tarhan, A., Behçet, L., Zengin, G. Detailed Phytochemical Evaluation of a Locally Endemic Species (Campanula baskilensis) by LC-MS/MS and its In-Depth Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities. Chemistry&Biodiversity, 2023, 20(12), e202301182.

    • Yapıcı, İ., İzol, E. “Phytochemicals and their Bioavailability”, In Medicinal, Aromatıc Plants and Phytochemicals, ed. İzol E., Yılmaz M. A., Haspolat Y. K., Orient Publications, 2023. 43-60.

    • İzol, E., Yapıcı, İ., Tarhan, A. “Medicinal Aromatic Plants and Phytochemicals from the Perspective of Biochemistry”, In Medicinal, Aromatıc Plants and Phytochemicals, ed. İzol E., Yılmaz M. A., Haspolat Y. K., Orient Publications, 2023, 1-10.

    • Izol, E., Temel, H., Yilmaz, M. A., Yener, I., Olmez, O. T., Kaplaner, E., ... &Ertas, A. A detailed chemical and biological investigation of twelve Allium species from Eastern Anatolia withchemometric studies. Chemistry&Biodiversity, 2021, 18(1), e2000560.

    • Carovic´-Stanko, K.; Petek, M.; Grdiša, M.; Pintar, J.; Bedekovic´, D.; C´ ustic´, M.H.; Satovic, Z. Medicinal plants of the family lamiaceae as functional foods-A review. Czech J. Food Sci. 2016, 34, 377–390.

    • İzol, E. “Sağlıklı Yaşamda Aromatik Bitkiler ve Aroma Terapi”, In Sağlıklı Yaşam, ed. Haspolat Y.K., Ertuğrul S., Orient Yayınları, 2022, 1, 81-90.

    • İzol, E.; Çağlayan, C. “Biological Activities of some Salvia Species”, In Medicinal, Aromatıc Plants and Phytochemicals, ed. İzol E., Yılmaz M. A., Haspolat Y. K., Orient Publications, 2023, 83-99.

    • Karousou, R.; Hanlidou, E.; Kokkini, S. The Sage Plants of Greece: Distribution and Infraspecific Variation. In Sage, the Genus Salvia; Kintzios, S.E., Ed.; Taylor & Francis e-Library: Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2005; pp. 27–46. ISBN 0-203-34348-4.

    • Dweck, A.C. Introduction. The Folklore and Cosmetic Use of Various Salvia Species. In Sage, the Genus Salvia; Kintzios, S.E., Ed.;Taylor & Francis e-Library: Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2005; pp. 1–25. ISBN 0-203-34348-4.

    • Ulubelen, A. Chemical constituents, 4. Terpenoids in the genus Salvia. In Sage, The Genus Salvia; Kintzios, S.E., Ed.; Taylor & Francis e-Library: Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2005; Volume 14, pp. 55–68. ISBN 0-203-34348-4.

    • Karamanos, A.J. Cultivation and breeding: The cultivation of sage. In Sage, The Genus Salvia; Kintzios, S.E., Ed.; Taylor & Francis e-Library: Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2005; Volume 14, pp. 93–108. ISBN 0-203-34348-4.

    • Walker, J.B.; Sytsma, K.J. Staminal evolution in the genus Salvia (Lamiaceae): Molecular phylogenetic evidence for multiple origins of the staminal lever. Ann. Bot. 2007, 100, 375–391.

    • Zhang, X.; Sawhney, V.K.; Davis, A.R. Annular floral nectary with oil-producing trichomes in Salvia farinacea (lamiaceae): Anatomy, histochemistry, ultrastructure, and significance. Am. J. Bot. 2014, 101, 1849–1867.

    • Selim, S.; Almuhayawi, M.S.; Alqhtani, H.; Al Jaouni, S.K.; Saleh, F.M.; Warrad, M.; Hagagy, N. Anti-Salmonella and Antibiofilm Potency of Salvia officinalis L. Essential Oil against Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella enterica. Antibiotics 2022, 11, 489.

    • Li Pomi, F.; Papa, V.; Borgia, F.; Vaccaro, M.; Allegra, A.; Cicero, N.; Gangemi, S. Rosmarinus officinalis and Skin: Antioxidant Activity and Possible Therapeutical Role in Cutaneous Diseases. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 680.

    • Mervi´c, M.; Bival Štefan, M.; Kindl, M.; Blažekovi´c, B.; Marijan, M.; Vladimir-Kneževi´c, S. Comparative Antioxidant, Anti-Acetylcholinesterase and Anti-α-Glucosidase Activities of Mediterranean Salvia Species. Plants 2022, 11, 625.

    • Poulios, E.; Giaginis, C.; Vasios, G.K. Current State of the Art on the Antioxidant Activity of Sage (Salvia spp.) and Its Bioactive Components. Planta Med. 2020, 86, 224–238.

    • Luca, S.V.; Skalicka-Wo´zniak, K.; Mihai, C.-T.; Gradinaru, A.C.; Mandici, A.; Ciocarlan, N.; Miron, A.; Aprotosoaie, A.C. Chemical Profile and Bioactivity Evaluation of Salvia Species from Eastern Europe. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 1514.

    • Iacopetta, D., Ceramella, J., Scumaci, D., Catalano, A., Sinicropi, M. S., Tundis, R., ... & Borges, F. (2023). An Update on Recent Studies Focusing on the Antioxidant Properties of Salvia Species. Antioxidants, 12(12), 2106.

    • Zhumaliyeva, G., Zhussupova, A., Zhusupova, G. E., Błońska-Sikora, E., Cerreto, A., Omirbekova, N., ... & Ross, S. A. (2023). Natural compounds of salvia l. genus and molecular mechanism of their biological activity. Biomedicines, 11(12), 3151.

    • Pia˛tczak, E.; Owczarek, A.; Lisiecki, P.; Gonciarz, W.; Kozłowska, W.; Szemraj, M.; Chmiela, M.; Kiss, A.K.; Olszewska, M.A.; Grzegorczyk-Karolak, I. Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in Salvia cadmica Boiss. and their biological potential. Ind. Crops Prod. 2021, 160, 113113.

    • Jakovljevi´c, M.; Joki´c, S.; Molnar, M.; Jaši´c, M.; Babi´c, J.; Juki´c, H.; Banjari, I. Bioactive Profile of Various Salvia officinalis L. Preparations. Plants 2019, 8, 55.

    • Manessis, G.; Kalogianni, A.I.; Lazou, T.; Moschovas, M.; Bossis, I.; Gelasakis, A.I. Plant-Derived Natural Antioxidants in Meat and Meat Products. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 1215.

    • Rubió, L.; Motilva, M.-J.; Romero, M.-P. Recent Advances in Biologically Active Compounds in Herbs and Spices: A Review of the Most Effective Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Active Principles. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2013, 53, 943–953.

    • Roby, M.H.H.; Sarhan, M.A.; Selim, K.A.-H.; Khalel, K.I. Evaluation of antioxidant activity, total phenols and phenolic compounds in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), and marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) extracts. Ind. Crops Prod. 2013, 43, 827–831.

    • Amorati, R.; Foti, M.C.; Valgimigli, L. Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2013, 61, 10835–10847.

    • Margetts, G.; Kleidonas, S.; Zaibi, N.S.; Zaibi, M.S.; Edwards, K.D. Evidence for anti-inflammatory effects and modulation of neurotransmitter metabolism by Salvia officinalis L. BMC Complement. Med. Ther. 2022, 22, 131.

    • Wightman, E.L.; Jackson, P.A.; Spittlehouse, B.; Heffernan, T.; Guillemet, D.; Kennedy, D.O. The Acute and Chronic Cognitive Effects of a Sage Extract: A Randomized, Placebo Controlled Study in Healthy Humans. Nutrients 2021, 13, 218.

    • Perry, N.S.L.; Menzies, R.; Hodgson, F.;Wedgewood, P.; Howes, M.J.R.; Brooker, H.J.;Wesnes, K.A.; Perry, E.K. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled pilot trial of a combined extract of sage, rosemary and melissa, traditional herbal medicines, on the enhancement of memory in normal healthy subjects, including influence of age. Phytomedicine 2018, 39, 42–48

    • Jiang, J.-S.; Gu, Q.-c.; Feng, Z.-M.; Yuan, X.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, P.-C.; Yang, Y.-N. The tanshinones from the plant of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Phytochemistry 2023, 210, 113673.

    • Yang, Y.; Shao, M.; Cheng,W.; Yao, J.; Ma, L.;Wang, Y.;Wang,W.; Cao, J. A Pharmacological Review of Tanshinones, Naturally Occurring Monomers from Salvia miltiorrhiza for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev. 2023, 2023, 1–24.

    • Zhao, X.; He, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Wan, H.; Wan, H.; Yang, J.; Cao, J. Inhibition of Oxidative Stress: An Important Molecular Mechanism of Chinese Herbal Medicine (Astragalus membranaceus, Carthamus tinctorius L.; Radix Salvia miltiorrhizae, etc.) in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke by Regulating the Antioxidant System. Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev. 2022, 2022, 1–10.

    • Balkır, E., Hazman, M., Aksoy, L., Yılmaz, M. A., Cakir, O., Kara, R., & Erol, B. Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potency of Aerial Parts of Salvia Tomentosa Miller. Acta Chimica Slovenica. 2023, 70(2), 218–225.

    • Yilmaz, G., Eruygur, N., Bona, G.E., Bona, M., Akdeniz, M., Yilmaz, M.A., Ertas, A.. Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibition activity of five Salvia taxa from Turkey. South African Journal of Botany. 2023, 152, 212-221.

    • Onder, A., Izgi, M. N., Cinar, A. S., Zengin, G., Yilmaz, M. A. The characterization of phenolic compounds via LC-ESI-MS/MS, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory activities of Salvia absconditiflora, Salvia sclarea, and Salvia palaestina: A comparative analysis. South African Journal of Botany. 2022, 150, 313-322.

    • Yilmaz, M. A., Ertas, A., Yener, I., Olmez, O. T., Firat, M., Temel, H., ... & Kolak, U. Development and Validation of a Novel LC–MS/MS Method for the Quantitation of 19 Fingerprint Phytochemicals in Salvia Species: A Chemometric Approach, Journal of Chromatographic Science. 2022, 60 (8), 770-785.

    • Yaris, E., Balur Adsız, L., Yener, I., Tuncay, E., Yilmaz, M. A., Akdeniz, M., ... & Kolak, U. Isolation of secondary metabolites of two endemic species: Salvia rosifolia Sm. and Salvia cerino-pruinosa Rech. f. var. elazigensis (Lamiaceae). Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization. 2021, 15, 4929–4938.

    • Fidan, H. S., Kilinc, F. M., Yilmaz, M. A., Akdeniz, M., Yener, I., Firat, M., ... & Ertas, A. Comparison of chemical and biological properties of in vivo and in vitro samples of Salvia siirtica Kahraman, Celep & Dogan extracts prepared with different solvents, South African Journal of Botany. 2021, 142, 421-429.

    • Akdeniz, M., Yener, I., Yilmaz, M. A., Kandemir, S. I., Tekin, F., & Ertas, A. A potential species for cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries: Insight to chemical and biological investigation of naturally grown and cultivated Salvia multicaulis Vahl. Industrial Crops & Products. 2021, 168, 113566.

    • Bakir, D., Akdeniz, M., Ertas, A., Yilmaz, M. A., Yener, I., Firat, M., & Kolak, U. A GC–MS method validation for quantitative investigation of some chemical markers in Salvia hypargeia Fisch. C.A. Mey. Of Turkey: Enzyme inhibitory potential of ferruginol. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 2020, 44 (9).

    • Tohma H., Köksal E., Kiliç Ö., Alan Y., Yilmaz M. A., Gülçin İ., Bursal E., Alwasel S. RP-HPLC/MS/MS Analysis of the Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Salvia L. Species. Antioxidants. 2016, 5(4), 38.

    • Čulina, P., Cvitković, D., Pfeifer, D., Zorić, Z., Repajić, M., Elez Garofulić, I., Balbino, S., Pedisić, S. Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Capacity of Selected Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Diversity upon Plant Species and Extraction Technique. Processes 2021, 9, 2207.

    • Apak, R.; Özyürek, M.; Güçlü, K.; Çapano˘ glu, E. Antioxidant Activity/Capacity Measurement. 1. Classification, Physicochemical Principles, Mechanisms, and Electron Transfer (ET)-Based Assays. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2016, 64, 997–1027.

    • Ceramella, J.; La Torre, C.; De Luca, M.; Iacopetta, D.; Fazio, A.; Catalano, A.; Ragno, G.; Longo, P.; Sinicropi, M.S.; Rosano, C. Exploring the anticancer and antioxidant properties of Vicia faba L. pods extracts, a promising source of nutraceuticals. PeerJ 2022, 10, e13683.

    • Ovidi, E.; Laghezza Masci, V.; Zambelli, M.; Tiezzi, A.; Vitalini, S.; Garzoli, S. Laurus nobilis, Salvia sclarea and Salvia officinalis Essential Oils and Hydrolates: Evaluation of Liquid and Vapor Phase Chemical Composition and Biological Activities. Plants 2021, 10, 707.

    • Righi, N.; Boumerfeg, S.; Deghima, A.; Fernandes, P.A.R.; Coelho, E.; Baali, F.; Cardoso, S.M.; Coimbra, M.A.; Baghiani, A. Phenolic profile, safety assessment, and anti-inflammatory activity of Salvia verbenaca L. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2021, 272, 113940

    • Iacopetta, D.; Fazio, A.; La Torre, C.; Barbarossa, A.; Ceramella, J.; Francomano, F.; Saturnino, C.; El-Kashef, H.; Alcaro, S.; Sinicropi, M.S. Annona cherimola Mill. Leaf Extracts Affect Melanoma Cells Growth and Progression. Foods 2022, 11, 2420.

    • Coelho-Fernandes, S.; Rodrigues, G.; Faria, A.S.; Caleja, C.; Pereira, E.; Pinela, J.; Carocho, M.; Barros, L.; Cadavez, V.; Gonzales-Barron, U. Effect of Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) Extract on the Survival of Staphylococcus aureus in Portuguese Alheira Sausageduring Maturation. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Electronic Conference on Foods—”Future Foods and Food Technologies for a Sustainable World”. Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2021, 6, 125.

    • Ripke Ferreira, C.S.; Figueiredo Saqueti, B.H.; Silva dos Santos, P.D.; Martins da Silva, J.; Matiucci, M.A.; Feihrmann, A.C.; Graton Mikcha, J.M.; Santos, O.O. Effect of Salvia (Salvia officinalis) on the oxidative stability of salmon hamburgers. LWT 2022,154, 112867.

    • Tundis, R.; Leporini, M.; Bonesi, M.; Rovito, S.; Passalacqua, N.G. Salvia officinalis L. from Italy: A Comparative Chemical and Biological Study of Its Essential Oil in the Mediterranean Context. Molecules 2020, 25, 5826.

    • Siakavella, I.K.; Lamari, F.; Papoulis, D.; Orkoula, M.; Gkolfi, P.; Lykouras, M.; Avgoustakis, K.; Hatziantoniou, S. Effect of Plant Extracts on the Characteristics of Silver Nanoparticles for Topical Application. Pharmaceutics 2020, 12, 1244.

    • Francik, S.; Francik, R.; Sadowska, U.; Bystrowska, B.; Zawi´slak, A.; Knapczyk, A.; Nzeyimana, A. Identification of Phenolic Compounds and Determination of Antioxidant Activity in Extracts and Infusions of Salvia Leaves. Materials 2020, 13, 5811.

    • Jedidi, S.; Aloui, F.; Rtibi, K.; Sammari, H.; Selmi, H.; Rejeb, A.; Toumi, L.; Sebai, H. Individual and synergistic protective properties of Salvia officinalis decoction extract and sulfasalazine against ethanol-induced gastric and small bowel injuries. RSC Adv. 2020, 10, 35998–36013.

    • Ueda, J.M.; Pedrosa, M.C.; Fernandes, F.A.; Rodrigues, P.; Melgar, B.; Dias, M.I.; Pinela, J.; Calhelha, R.C.; Ivanov, M.; Sokovi´c, M.; et al. Promising Preserving Agents from Sage and Basil: A Case Study with Yogurts. Foods 2021, 10, 676.

    • Cvitkovi´c, D.; Lisica, P.; Zori´c, Z.; Repaji´c, M.; Pedisi´c, S.; Dragovi´c-Uzelac, V.; Balbino, S. Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Pigments of Mediterranean Herbs and Spices as Affected by Different Extraction Methods. Foods 2021, 10, 2477.

    • Ðurovi´c, S.; Mici´c, D.; Pezo, L.; Radi´c, D.; Bazarnova, J.G.; Smyatskaya, Y.A.; Blagojevi´c, S. The effect of various extraction techniques on the quality of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) essential oil, expressed by chemical composition, thermal properties and biological activity. Food Chem. X 2022, 13.

    • Jedidi, S.; Aloui, F.; Selmi, S.; Selmi, H.; Sammari, H.; Ayari, A.; Abbes, C.; Sebai, H. Antioxidant Properties of Salvia officinalis Decoction Extract and Mechanism of Its Protective Effects on Ethanol-Induced Liver and Kidney Injuries. J. Med. Food 2022, 25, 546–556.

    • Hrebie ´ n-Filisi ´ nska, A.M.; Bartkowiak, A. Antioxidative Effect of Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) Macerate as “Green Extract” in Inhibiting the Oxidation of Fish Oil. Antioxidants 2021, 11, 100.

    • Mot, M.-D.; Gavrilas,, S.; Lupitu, A.I.; Moisa, C.; Chambre, D.; Tit, D.M.; Bogdan, M.A.; Bodescu, A.-M.; Copolovici, L.; Copolovici, D.M.; et al. Salvia officinalis L. Essential Oil: Characterization, Antioxidant Properties, and the Effects of Aromatherapy in Adult Patients. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 808.

    • Pereira, O.; Catarino, M.; Afonso, A.; Silva, A.; Cardoso, S. Salvia elegans, Salvia greggii and Salvia officinalis Decoctions: Antioxidant Activities and Inhibition of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolic Enzymes. Molecules 2018, 23, 3169.

    • Afonso, A.F.; Pereira, O.R.; Fernandes, Â.; Calhelha, R.C.; Silva, A.M.S.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R.; Cardoso, S.M. Phytochemical Composition and Bioactive Effects of Salvia africana, Salvia officinalis ‘Icterina’ and Salvia mexicana Aqueous Extracts. Molecules 2019, 24, 4327.

    • Gad, H.A.; Mamadalieva, R.Z.; Khalil, N.; Zengin, G.; Najar, B.; Khojimatov, O.K.; Al Musayeib, N.M.; Ashour, M.L.; Mamadalieva, N.Z. GC-MS Chemical Profiling, Biological Investigation of Three Salvia Species Growing in Uzbekistan. Molecules 2022, 27, 5365.

    • Dziadek, K.; Kope´c, A.; Dziadek, M.; Sadowska, U.; Cholewa-Kowalska, K. The Changes in Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Herb under Storage and Different Drying Conditions: A Comparison with Other Species of Sage. Molecules 2022, 27, 1569.

    • Fei, A.-h.; Cao, Q.; Chen, S.-y.; Wang, H.-r.; Wang, F.-l.; Pan, S.-m.; Lin, Z.-f. Salvianolate inhibits reactive oxygen species production in H2O2-treated mouse cardiomyocytes in vitro via the TGFβ pathway. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2013, 34, 496–500.

    • Liu, J.; Zhao, J.; Dai, Z.; Lin, R.; Wang, G.; Ma, S. A Pair of New Antioxidant Phenolic Acid Stereoisomers Isolated from Danshen Injection (Lyophilized Powder). Molecules 2014, 19, 1786–1794.

    • Belkhiri, F.; Baghiani, A.; Zerroug, M.M.; Arrar, L. Investigation of Antihemolytic, Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Salvia verbenaca, L. Aerial Part Extracts. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement. Altern. Med. 2017, 14, 273–281.

    • Zhang, X.; Yu, Y.; Cen, Y.; Yang, D.; Qi, Z.; Hou, Z.; Han, S.; Cai, Z.; Liu, K. Bivariate Correlation Analysis of the Chemometric Profiles of ChineseWild Salvia miltiorrhiza Based on UPLC-Qqq-MS and Antioxidant Activities. Molecules 2018, 23, 538.

    • Etsassala, N.G.E.R.; Adeloye, A.O.; El-Halawany, A.; Hussein, A.A.; Iwuoha, E.I. Investigation of In-Vitro Antioxidant and Electrochemical Activities of Isolated Compounds from Salvia chamelaeagnea P.J. Bergius Extract. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 98.

    • Grzegorczyk-Karolak, I.; Krzemi´ nska, M.; Kiss, A.K.; Olszewska, M.A.; Owczarek, A. Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Aerial and Underground Parts of Salvia bulleyana Diels. Plants. Metabolites 2020, 10, 497.

    • Rowshan, V.; Najafian, S. Polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activities of aerial parts of Salvia multicaulis from the Iran flora. Nat. Prod. Res. 2019, 34, 2351–2353.

    • Nicolescu, A.; Babotă, M.; Ilea, M.; Dias, M.I.; Calhelha, R.C.; Gavrilas, L.; Rocchetti, G.; Cris, an, G.; Mocan, A.; Barros, L.; et al. Potential therapeutic applications of infusions and hydroalcoholic extracts of Romanian glutinous sage (Salvia glutinosa L.). Front. Pharmacol. 2022, 13, 975800.

    onix_3.0::thothThoth ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::project_museProject MUSE ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::oapenOAPEN ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::jstorJSTOR ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::google_booksGoogle Books ONIX 3.0
    onix_3.0::overdriveOverDrive ONIX 3.0
    onix_2.1::ebsco_hostEBSCO Host ONIX 2.1
    csv::thothThoth CSV
    json::thothThoth JSON
    kbart::oclcOCLC KBART
    bibtex::thothThoth BibTeX
    doideposit::crossrefCrossRef DOI deposit
    onix_2.1::proquest_ebraryProQuest Ebrary ONIX 2.1
    marc21record::thothThoth MARC 21 Record
    marc21markup::thothThoth MARC 21 Markup
    marc21xml::thothThoth MARC 21 XML

    Share This Chapter!