The musculoskeletal system is an organ system consisting of bones, muscles, joints, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage that support the body, allow movement, and protect vital organs. Musculoskeletal problems can occur at any age for many reasons, including congenital, developmental, postural, traumatic and neoplastic. Because the musculoskeletal system is related to many systems, such as the nervous system, circulatory system, respiratory system, endocrine system, and gastrointestinal system, it is an important system for health assessment. The goal of musculoskeletal assessment is to identify potential problems by evaluating risk factors, to examine the dysfunctions that may occur in this system, and to identify the need for health education about protective
behaviors. This chapter presents the essential components of a comprehensive musculoskeletal examination using a systematic approach. These include assessment
of posture, gait, balance, coordination, measurement of extremities, measurement of range of motion of all joints, assessment of muscle strength, and basic special tests for wrist, spine, hip, and knee problems. Emphasis is also placed on prevention of common problems related to musculoskeletal health and health promoting behaviors.