In this section, NMIBC constitutes the majority of bladder cancer cases, characterized by a favorable prognosis. Recurrence and progression rates vary widely, highlighting the chronic nature of NMIBC and the need for extensive follow-up and treatment sessions. Various prognostic factors influence recurrence and progression, including tumor characteristics and patient demographics. Risk stratification tools like the EORTC and CUETO calculators aid in predicting probabilities at different time points, although current models have limitations. Factors like smoking and genetic alterations contribute to recurrence and progression risk. However, there’s a call for more efficient risk stratification tools incorporating new biomarkers and treatment strategies to enhance patient management.