Tuberculosis is characterized by a complex physiopathology that involves a dynamic interplay between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the host’s immune system. Upon inhalation, the bacteria are engulfed by alveolar macrophages in the lungs, where they can either be destroyed or persist and multiply. The immune response forms granulomas, which are aggregates of immune cells that contain the bacteria. In pulmonary tuberculosis, these granulomas are primarily found in the lungs, leading to tissue damage and cavitation. In extrapulmonary TB, the bacteria disseminate through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, infecting other organs such as the lymph nodes, bones, and central nervous system. The pathogenesis of tuberculosis is influenced by factors such as the virulence of the bacterial strain and the host’s immune status. Understanding the physiopathology of tuberculosis is essential for developing targeted therapies and effective vaccines to combat this multifaceted disease.