Tuberculosis is a contagious and potentially life-threatening infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Primarily affecting the lungs, known as pulmonary tuberculosis, tubeculosis can also spread to other parts of the body, leading to extrapulmonary tuberculosis. This versatile pathogen can lie dormant for years, presenting a significant public health challenge due to its complex transmission dynamics and the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Effective diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies are critical in combating this ancient yet persistent disease.