1. Butler-Wu SM, She RC. Anaerobic non spore forming Gram positive rods. In: Carroll KC, Pfaller MA, Landry ML et all. eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 13th edition. Washington, DC:
ASM Press; 2023.
2. Butler-Wu SM, She RC. Actinomyces, Lactobacillus, Cutibacterium and other anaerobic non spore forming Gram positive rods. In: Carroll KC, Pfaller MA, Landry ML et all. eds. Manual of
Clinical Microbiology. 12th edition. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2019.
3. Kim M. Update on the taxonomy of clinically important anaerobic bacteria. Korean J Clin Lab Sci 2022; 54: 239-248.
4. Brook I, Frazier EH. Infections caused by Propionibacterium species. Rev Infect Dis. 1991; 13: 819–822.
5. Scholz CFP, Jensen A, Lomholt HB, Brüggemann H, Kilian M. A novel high-resolution single locus sequence typing scheme for mixed populations of Propionibacterium acnes in vivo. PLoS
One. 2014; 9: e104199.
6. Grice EA, Kong HH, Conlan S, et al. Topographical and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiome. Science. 2009; 324: 1190–1192.
7. Keshari S, Kumar M, Balasubramaniam A, Chang TW, Tong Y, Huang CM. Prospects of acne vaccines targeting secreted virulence factors of Cutibacterium acnes. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2019;
18: 433-437.
8. Holland C, Mak TN, Zimny-Arndt U, et al. Proteomic identification of secreted proteins of Propionibacterium acnes. BMC Microbiol. 2010; 10: 230.
9. Brüggemann H. Insights in the pathogenic potential of Propionibacterium acnes from its complete genome. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2005; 24: 67–72.
10. Mayslich C, Grange PA, Dupin N. Cutibacterium acnes as an opportunistic pathogen: an update of its virulence-associated factors. Microorganisms. 2021; 9: 303.
11. Heinen FJ, Arregle F, Van den Brink FS, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with Cutibacterium acnes endocarditis. JAMA Netw Open. 2023; 6: e2323112.
12. Hanna S, Manuel S, Baker J, Diab J, Clement Z. Cutibacterium acnes in breast implants: an underestimated bacterial infection and review of the literature. J Surg Case Rep. 2023; 2023: rjad042.
13. Horneff JG, Hsu JE, Huffman GR. Propionibacterium acnes infections in shoulder surgery. Orthop Clin North Am. 2014; 45: 515–521.
14. Colina M, Lo Monaco A, Khodeir M, Trotta F. Propionibacterium acnes and sapho syndrome: a case report and literature review. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2007; 25: 457–460.
15. Brüggemann H, Al-Zeer MA. Bacterial signatures and their inflammatory potentials associated with prostate cancer. APMIS. 2020; 128: 80–91.
16. Achermann Y, Liu J, Zbinden R, et al. Propionibacterium avidum: a virulent pathogen causing hip periprosthetic joint infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2018; 66: 54–63.
17. Corvec S, Fayoux E, Tessier E, et al. Cutibacterium namnetense osteosynthetic cervical spine infections: experience with two cases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2023; 43:395-399.
18. Koyama T, Ohji G, Nishida M, et al. A case report of native vertebral osteomyelitis caused by Cutibacterium modestum. BMC Infect Dis. 2022; 22: 367.
19. Williams D G. Two cases of urinary tract infection caused by Propionimicrobium lymphophilum. J Clin Microbiol.2015; 53:3077-3080
20. Huda MN, Ahmad SM, Alam Jahangir M, et al. Bifidobacterium abundance in early infancy and vaccine response at 2 years of age. Pediatrics. 2019; 143: e20181489.
21. Derrien M, Turroni F, Ventura M, van Sinderen D. Insights into endogenous Bifidobacterium species in the human gut microbiota during adulthood. Trends Microbiol. 2022; 30: 940–947.
22. Park J, Kato K, Murakami H, et al. Comprehensive analysis of gut microbiota of a healthy population and covariates affecting microbial variation in two large Japanese cohorts. BMC Micro-
biol.2021; 21: 151.
23. Esaiassen E, Hjerde E, Cavanagh JP, Simonsen GS, Klingenberg C, Norwegian Study Group on Invasive Bifidobacterial Infections. Bifidobacterium bacteremia: clinical characteristics and
a genomic approach to assess pathogenicity. J Clin Microbiol. 2017; 55: 2234-2248.
24. Butta H, Sardana R, Vaishya R, Singh KN, Mendiratta L. Bifidobacterium: an emerging clinically significant metronidazole-resistant anaerobe of mixed pyogenic infections. Cureus. 2017; 9:
e1134.
25. Beighton D, Al-Haboubi M, Mantzourani M, et al. Oral Bifidobacteria: caries-associated bacteria in older adults. J Dent Res. 2010; 89: 970-974.
26. Unsal G, Topcuoglu N, Ulukapi I, Kulekci G, Aktoren O. Scardovia wiggsiae and the other microorganisms in severe early childhood. Journal of Dentistry and Oral Care Medicine. 2017; 3:
302-307.
27. Mattarelli P, Biavati B, Holzapfel WH, Wood BJB. Related genera within the family Bifidobacteriaceae. The Bifidobacteria and Related Organisms Biology, Taxonomy, Applications. Stati Uniti
d’America, San Diego: Elsevier; 2018.
28. Bo J, Wang S, Bi Y, Yanni Bi, Ma S, Wang M, Du Z. Eggerthella lenta bloodstream infections: two cases and review of the literature. Future Microbiol. 2020; 15: 981–985.
29. Lee MR, Huang YT, Liao CH, et al. Clinical and microbiological characteristics of bacteremia caused by Eggerthella, Paraeggerthella, and Eubacterium species at a university hospital in taiwan
from 2001 to 2010. J Clin Microbiol. 2012; 50: 2053–2055.
30. Meltzer MC, Desmond RA, Schwebke JR. Association of Mobiluncus curtisii with recurrence of bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Dis. 2008; 35: 611–613.
31. Dela Cruz EJ, Fiedler TL, Liu C, et al. Genetic variation in toll-like receptor 5 and colonization with flagellated bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria. Infect Immun. 2021; 89: e00060–20.
32. Bahar H, Mamal Torun M, Öçer F, Kocazeybek B. Mobiluncus species in gynaecological and obstetric infections: antimicrobial resistance and prevalence in a Turkish population. Int J Anti-
microb Agents. 2005; 25: 268-271.
33. Arries C, Ferrieri P. Mobiluncus curtisii bacteremia: case study and literature review. Infect Dis Rep. 2022; 14: 82-87.
34. Horton LE, Mehta SR, Aganovic L, Fierer J. Actinotignum schaalii infection: A clandestine cause of sterile pyuria? Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018; 5:1-3.
35. Pedersen H, Senneby E, Rasmussen M. Clinical and microbiological features of Actinotignum bacteremia: a retrospective observational study of 57 cases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017;
36: 791–796.
36. Hall VV, Collins MDM, Lawson PAP et all. Characterization of some actinomyces-like isolates from human clinical sources: description of Varibaculum cambriensis gen nov, sp nov. J Clin
Microbiol. 2003, 41: 640-644.
37. Mendling W, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A, Biber S, Prasauskas V. An update on the role of Atopobium vaginae in bacterial vaginosis: what to consider when choosing a treatment? A mini review.
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2019; 300:1–6.
38. Yan Y, Li H, Li S et all. Olsenella uli induced pneumonia: a case report. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2022; 21:1-6.
39. Gajdacj M, Urban E. Relevance of anaerobic bacteremia in adult patients: A never-ending story? Eur J Microbiol Immunol . 2020; 18: 64–75.
40. Rossi F, Amadoro C, Colavita G. Members of the lactobacillus genus complex (lgc) as opportunistic pathogens: a review. Microorganisms. 2019; 7: 126.
41. Dempsey E, Corr SC. Lactobacillus spp. for gastrointestinal health: current and future perspectives. Front Immunol. 2022; 13: 840245.
42. Martinez RM, Hulten KG, Bui U, Clarridge 3rd JE. Molecular analysis and clinical significance of Lactobacillus spp. recovered from clinical specimens presumptively associated with disease.
J Clin Microbiol. 2014; 52: 30-6.
43. Kõll-Klais P, Mändar R, Leibur E, Marcotte H, Hammarström L, Mikelsaar M. Oral lactobacilli in chronic periodontitis and periodontal health: species composition and antimicrobial acti-
vity. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2005; 20: 354–361.
44. Bläckberg A, Holm K, Liderot K, Nilson B, Sunnerhagen T. Eubacterium bacteremia – a retrospective observational study of a seldom found anaerobic pathogen. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis.
2024;108:116185.
45. Boyanova L, Augustoda J, Medeiros S. Approach to the identification of anaerobic bacteria. In: Carroll KC, Pfaller MA, Landry ML et all. eds. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 13th edition.
Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2023.
46. Jousimies- Somer HR, Summanen P, Citron DM, Baron EJ, Wexler HM, Finegold SM. Wadsworth-KTL Anaerobic bacteriology manual. 6th ed. Belmont (CA): Star Publishing Co.; 2002.
47. Reissier S, Penven M, Guérin F, Cattoir V. Recent trends in antimicrobial resistance among anaerobic clinical ısolates. Microorganisms. 2023; 11: 1474-1493.
48. Audrey N, Schuetz I. Antimicrobial resistance and susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2014; 59: 698–705.
49. Pence M A. Antimicrobial resistance in clinically ımportant anaerobes. Clinical Microbiology Newsletter.2019; 41:1-7.
50. Cobo F. Antimicrobial susceptibility and clinical findings of anaerobic bacteria. Antibiotics. 2022; 11: 351-353.