1. Saleeb PG. Corynebacterium diphtheriae (diphtheria). In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelp-
hia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 204. p: 2526-2531
2. Stechenberg BW. Diphtheria. In: Cherry JD, Harrison GJ, Kaplan SL, Steinbach WJ, Hotez PJ (eds). Feigin and Cherry’s textbook of pediatric infectious diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier
Saunders; 2019. 90, 931-938.)
3. Listeria, Corynebacterium, and similar organisms Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology. Ed: Patricia M. Tille. Elsevier, 14th edition, Chapter 17, p:273-288.
4. Mokrousev I. Resolution threshold of current molecular epidemiology of diphtheria. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20: pp. 1937-1938.
5. Efstratiou J, Engler KH, Mazurova IK, et. al. Current approaches to the laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: pp. S138-S145.
6. Truelove SA, Keegan LT, Moss WJ, et al. Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects of Diphtheria: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jun 24;71(1):89-97. doi: 10.1093/
cid/ciz808.
7. Vitek CR, Wharton M. Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union: reemergence of a pandemic disease. Emerg Infect Dis 1998; 4: pp. 539-550.
8. World Health Organization. Diphtheria vaccine: WHO position paper, August 2017 – Recommendations. Vaccine. 2018 Jan 4;36(2):199-201. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.08.024.
9. Clarke K, MacNeil A, Hadler S, et al. Global Epidemiology of Diphtheria, 2000–2017. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2019;25(10):1834-1842. doi:10.3201/eid2510.190271.
10. Reacher M, Ramsay M, White J, et. al. Nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae: an emerging pathogen in England and Wales?. Emerg Infect Dis 2000; 6: pp. 640-645.
11. Ott L, Möller J, Burkovski A. Interactions between the Re-Emerging Pathogen Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Host Cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Mar 18;23(6):3298. doi: 10.3390/ijms23063298.
12. Hadfield TL, McEvoy P, Polotsky Y, et. al. The pathology of diphtheria. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: pp. S116-S120.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Hall E., Wodi A.P., Hamborsky J., et al., eds. 14th ed. Washington, D.C. Public
Health Foundation, 2021. Chapter 7, p: 97-110.
14. Sanghi V. Neurologic manifestations of diphtheria and pertussis. Handb Clin Neurol. 2014;121:1355-9. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-4088-7.00092-4.
15. Ahmed A, Singh M, Tank P, et al. Clinico-Epidemiological Profile and Predictors of Poor Outcome Among Children During a Diphtheria Outbreak in Haryana. Indian Pediatr. 2023 Apr
15;60(4):280-284.
16. Wilson IE, Menson EN. Cutaneous Diphtheria. N Engl J Med. 2018 Mar 29;378.
17. Fox-Lewis S, Muttaiyah S, Roberts S. Increasing isolation of non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae in Aotearoa New Zealand. N Z Med J. 2023 Nov 10;136(1585):112-115.
18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Expanded access investigational new drug (IND) protocol: Use of diphtheria antitoxin (DAT) for suspected diphtheria cases. Version 12. Febru-
ary,2023. www.cdc.gov/diphtheria/downloads/protocol.pdf
19. Wenzel EV, Bosnak M, Tierney R, et al. Human antibodies neutralizing diphtheria toxin in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep. 2020 Jan 17;10(1):571.
20. Difteri. Bulaşıcı hastalıkların araştırılmasında sahada calışan hekimler icin laboratuvar rehberi. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu Başkanlığı. Ankara: Aydoğdu Ofset Mat-
baacılık Ambalaj San ve Tic Ltd Şti.; 2014.
21. Weinberger B. Adult vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria: the European perspective. Clin Exp Immunol. 2017 Jan;187(1):93-99.
22. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Aşı Portalı. https://asi.saglik.gov.tr/asi/ Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2023)
23. CDC. Use of Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid, and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR
2020;69(3):77–83
24. Suwantarat N, Weik C, Romagnoli M, et. al. Practical utility and accuracy of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for identification of Corynebacterium
species and other medically relevant coryneform-like bacteria. Am J Clin Pathol 2016; 145: pp. 22-28.
25. Chandran R, Puthukkichal DR, Suman E, et.al. Diphtheroids-important nosocomial pathogens. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10: pp. DC28-DC31.
26. Öcalan F, Mumcuoğlu İ, Ünaldı Ö, et al. Evaluation of Antibiotic Susceptibility, Biofilm Production and Clonal Analysis of Corynebacterium striatum Isolates. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2023 Jan;57(1):1-
13.
27. Bernard KA, Munro C, Wiebe D, et.al. Characteristics of rare or recently described Corynebacterium species recovered from human clinical material in Canada. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: pp.
4375-4381.
28. Mangutov EO, Kharseeva GG, Alutina EL. Corynebacterium spp. problematic pathogens of the human respiratory tract (review of literature). Klin Lab Diagn. 2021 Aug 13;66(8):502-508.
29. Tang YW, Von Graevenitz A, Waddington MG, et. al. Identification of coryneform bacterial isolates by ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: pp. 1676-1678.
30. Suwantarat N, Weik C, Romagnoli M, et. al. Practical utility and accuracy of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for identification of Corynebacterium
species and other medically relevant coryneform-like bacteria. Am J Clin Pathol 2016; 145: pp. 22-28.
31. Khamis A, Raoult D, La Scola B. rpoB gene sequencing for identification of Corynebacterium species. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: pp. 3925-3931
32. CLSI . Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute: Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 30th ed. CLSI; Wayne, PA, USA: 2020. CLSI Doc. M10.
33. EUCAST. European Committee on Antimicrobial susceptibility test. Breakpoints and dosages, Version 14. January 2024. https://www.eucast.org/clinical_breakpoints
34. Both L, Collins S, de Zoysa A, et. al. Molecular and epidemiological review of toxigenic diphtheria infections in England between 2007 and 2013. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53: pp. 567-572.
35. Efstratiou A, Engler KH, Mazurova IK, et. al. Current approaches to the laboratory diagnosis of diphtheria. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: pp. S138-S145.
36. Heggelund L, Gaustad P, Havelsrud OE, et. al. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis pneumonia in a veterinary student infected during laboratory work. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015; 2: pp.
ofv053.
37. Verroken A, Bauraing C, Deplano A, et. al. Epidemiological investigation of a nosocomial outbreak of multidrug-resistant Corynebacterium striatum at one Belgian university hospital. Clin
Microbiol Infect 2014; 20: pp. 44-50.
38. Greene KA, Clark RJ, Zabramski JM. Ventricular CSF shunt infections associated with Corynebacterium jeikeium: report of three cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16: pp. 139-141.
39. Traub WH, Geipel U, Leonhard B, et. al. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (agar disk diffusion and agar dilution) of clinical isolates of Corynebacterium jeikeium . Chemotherapy 1998; 44: pp.
230-237.
40. Dalal A, Likhi R. Corynebacterium minutissimum bacteremia and meningitis: a case report and review of literature. J Infect 2008; 56: pp. 77-79.
41. Blaise G, Nikkels AF, Hermanns-Le T, et. al. Corynebacterium associated skin infections. Int J Dermatol 2008; 47: pp. 884-890.
42. Fernandez-Roblas R, Adames H, Martin-de-Hijas NZ, et. al. In vitro activity of tigecycline and 10 other antimicrobials against clinical isolates of the genus Corynebacterium. Int J Antimicrob
Agents 2009; 33: pp. 453-455.
43. Salem N, Salem L, Saber S, et. al. Corynebacterium urealyticum: a comprehensive review of an understated organism. Infect Drug Resist 2015; 8: pp. 129-145.
44. Gherardi G, Di Bonaventura G, Pompilio A, et. al. Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum causing genitourinary tract infection: case report and review of the literature. IDCases 2015; 2: pp. 56-58.
45. Camello TC, Souza MC, Martins CA, et. al. Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum isolated from relevant clinical sites of infection: a human pathogen overlooked in emerging countries. Lett
Appl Microbiol 2009; 48: pp. 458-464.
46. Kawasaki Y, Matsubara K, Ishihara H, et. al. Corynebacterium propinquum as the first cause of infective endocarditis in childhood. J Infect Chemother 2014; 20: pp. 317-319.
47. Rose Kim, Annette C. Riboli. Other Coryneform Bacteria, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum, and Rhodococci. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Princip-
les and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 205. 2532-2542