1. van der Poll T, van de Veerdonk FL, Scicluna BP, Netea MG. The immunopathology of sepsis and potential therapeutic targets. Nature Rev Immunol 2017;17:407-20.
2. Huang M, Cai S, Su J. The pathogenesis of sepsis and potential therapeutic targets. Int J Mol Sci 2019;20:5376.
3. Funk DJ, Parillo JE, Kumar A. Sepsis and septic shock: a history. Crit Care Clin 2009;25:83-101.
4. Bone R, Balk RA, Cerra FB, et al. Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Chest 1992;101:1656-1662.
5. Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, et al. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Intensive Care Med 2003;29:530-538.
6. Sands KE, Bares DW, Lanken PN, et al. Epidemiology of sepsis syndrome in 8 academic medical centers. JAMA 1997;277:234-240.
7. Vincent JL, Bihari LD, Suter PM, et al. The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe. Results of the EPIC study. EPIC International Advisory Committee. JAMA
1995;274:639-644.
8. Vincent JL, Sakr Y, Sprung CL, et al. Sepsis in European intensive care units: results of the SOAP study. Crit Care Med 2006;34:344-353.
9. Kaukonen KM, Bailey M, Pilcher D, Cooper DJ, Bellomo R. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria in defining severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2015;372:1629-1638.
10. Font MD, Tyagarajan B, Khanna AK. Sepsis and septic shock – Basics of diagnosis, pathophysiology and clinical decision making. Med Clin North Am 2020;104:573-585.
11. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock(Sepsis-3). JAMA 2016;315:801-810.
12. Lambden S, Laterre PF, Levy MM, Francois B. The SOFA score-development, utility and challenges of accurate assessment in clinical trials. Crit Care 2019;23:374.
13. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of seğpsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med 2021; 47:1181-1247.
14. Cecconi M, Evans L, Levy M, Rhods A. Sepsis and septic shock. Lancet 2018;392:75-87.
15. Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky MR. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and asociated costs of care.
Crit Care Med 2001;29:1303-1310.
16. Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Eng J Med 2003;348:1546-1554.
17. Baykara N, Akalın H, Arslantaş MK, et al. Epidemiology of sepsis in intensive care units in Turkey: a multicenter, point-prevalence study. Crit Care 2018;22:93.
18. Esteban A, Frutos-Vivar F, Ferguson ND, et al. Sepsis incidence and outcome: Contrasting the intensive care unit with the hospital ward. Crit Care Med 2007;35:1284-1289.
19. Güler H, Akalın H, Heper Y ve ark. Toplum kökenli sepsis: 125 olgunun retrospektif değerlendirilmesi. Flora Dergisi 2010;15:11-15.
20. Szabo BG, Kiss R, Lenart KS, et al. Clinical and microbiological characteristics and outcomes of community- acquired sepsis among adults: a single center, 1-year retrospective observational
cohort study from Hungary. BMC Infect Dis 2019;19:584.
21. Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM, et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 2020;395:200-211.
22. Yadav H, Cartin-Ceba R. Balance between hyperinflammation and immunosupression in sepsis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016;37:42-50.
23. Gotts JE, Matthay MA. Sepsis: pathophysiology and clinical management. British Med J 2016; 353:i1585.
24. Angus DC, van der Poll T. Severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 2013;369:840-851.
25. King EG, Bauza GJ, Mella JR, Remick DG. Pathophysiologic mechanisms in septic shock. Laboratory Investigation 2014;94:4-12.
26. Jacobi J. The pathophysiology of sepsis-2021 update: Part 1, immunology and coagulapathy leading to endothelial injury. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2022;79:329-337.
27. Arina P, Singer M. Pathophysiology of sepsis. Curr Opin Anesthesiol 2021;34:77-84.
28. Van der Poll T, Shankar-Hari M, Wiersinga WJ. The immunology of sepsis. Immunity 2021; 54:2450-2464.
29. Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Aschenbrenner AC, Bauer M, Bock C, Calandra T, Gat-Viks I et al. The pathophysiology of sepsis and precision-medicine-based immunotherapy. Nature Immu-
nology 2024;25:19-28.
30. Arora J, Mendelson AA, Fox-Robichaud A. Sepsis: network pathophysiology and implications for early diagnosis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 324: R613-R624.
31. İnce C. The microcirculation is the motor of sepsis. Crit Care 2005; 9; Suppl 4:S13-19.
32. Kerrrigan SW, Devine T, Fitzpatrick G, Thachil J, Cox D. Early host interactions that drive the dysregulated response in sepsis. Frontiers in Immunology 2019;10:1-14.
33. Giustozzi M, Ehrlinder H, Bongiovanni D, et al. Coagulopathy and sepsis: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and treatment. Blood Reviews 2021;50:100864.
34. Verdant C, De Backer D. How monitoring of the microcirculation may help us at the bedside. Curr Opin Critical Care 2005; 11:240—244.
35. Kellum JA, Formeck CL, Kernan KF, Gomez H, Carcillo JA. Subtypes and mimics of sepsis. Crit Care Clin 2022;38:195-211.
36. Wiersinga WJ, van der Poll T. Immunopathology of human sepsis. eBioMedicine 2022;86:104363.
37. Boka K. Sysytemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome(SIRS). Emedicine.medscape.com/article/168943 (erişim tarihi 15.4.2024).
38. Long B, Koyfman A. Clinical mimics: an emergency medicine-focused review of sepsis mimics. J Emerg Med 2017; 52:34-42.
39. Bokhari AM. Bacterial sepsis. Emedicine.medscape.com/article/234587 (erişim tarihi 15.4.2024).
40. Al-Khafaji A. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in sepsis. Emedicine.medscape.com/article/169640 (erişim tarihi 15.4.2024).
41. Brink AJ, Richards G. Best practice: antibiotic decision-making in ICUs. Curr Opin Crit Care 2020;26:478-488.
42. Barichello T, Generoso JS, Singer M, Dal-Pizzol F. Biomarkers for sepsis: more than just fever and leukocytosis—a narrative review. Crit Care 2022; 26:14.
43. Cohen M, Banerjee D. Biomarkers in sepsis: a current review of new tecnologies. J Intensive Care Med 2024;39:399-405.
44. Tan M, Lu Y, Jiang H, Zhang L. The diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein for sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cell Biochem 2019;120:5852-5859.
45. de Jong E, van Overs JA, Beishuzien A, et al. Efficacy and safety of procalcitonin guidance in reducing the duration of antibiotic treatment in critically ill patients: a randommised, controllled,
open-label trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2016;16:819-827.
46. Bouadma L, Luyt C-E, Tubach F, et al. Use of procalcitonin to reduce patients exposure to antibiotics in intensive care units(PRORATA trial): a multicentre randomised controllled trial. Lancet
2010;463-474.
47. Guarino M, Perna B, Cesaro AE, et al. 2023 update on sepsis and septic shock in adult patients: management in the emergency department. J Clin Med 2023;12:3188.
48. Ammar MA, Ammar AA, Wieruszewski PM, et al. Timing of vasoactive agents and corticosteroid initiation on septic shock. Annals Intensive Care 2022;12:47.
49. Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock: 2016. Intensive Care Med 2017;43:304-377.
50. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Crit Care Med 2013;41:580-637.
51. Garnacho-Montero J, Garcia-Garmendia JL, Barrero-Almodovar A, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Perez-Paredes C, Ortiz-Leyba C. Impact of adequate empirical antibiotic therapy on the outcome of
patients admitted to the intensive care unit with sepsis. Crit Care Med 2003;31:2742-2751.
52. Ibrahim EH, Sherman G, Ward S, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting.
Chest 2000;118:146-55.
53. Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, et al. Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care
Med 2006;34:1589-1596.
54. Levy MM, Evans LE, Rhodes A. The surviving sepsis campaign bundle: 2019 update. Crit Care Med 2018;46:997-1000.
55. Tamma PD, Aitken SL, Bonomo RA, Mathers AJ, van Duin D, Clancy CJ. Infectious Diseases Society of America 2023 Guidance on the Treatment of Antimicrobial Resistant Gram-Negative
Infections. Clin Infect Dis 2023; July 18:ciad428. Doi:10.1093/cid/ciad428 (erişim tarihi 15.4.2024).
56. De Waele JJ, Akova M, Antonelli M, et al. Antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic stewardship programs in the ICU: insistence and persistence in the fight against resistance. A position state-
ment from ESICM/ESCMID/WAAAR round table on multi-drug resistance. Intensive Care Med 2018;44:189-196.
57. Plata-Menchaca EP, Ferrer R, Rodriquez JCR, Morais R, Povoa P. Antibiotic treatment in patients with sepsis: a narrative review. Hosp Pract 2022;50:203-213.
58. Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M, et al. Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases
Society of America and the American Society. Clin Infect Dis 2016;63:e61-e111.
59. Vazquez-Grande G, Kumar A. Optimizing antimicrobial therapy of sepsis and septic shock. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2015;36:154-166.
60. Andrews SR, Timbrook TT, Fisher MA, Tritle BJ. Comparative analysis of a diagnostic test and scoring tools for ESBL detection in Enterobacterales bloodstream infections for optimizing
antimicrobial therapy. Microbiology Spectrum 2024;12:1-7.
61. Devrim İ, Ayhan FY, Kacar P, et al. The impact of BIOFIRE Blood Culture Identification 2 Panel on antimicrobial treatment of children with suspected systemic inflammatory response synd-
rome and sepsis. Eur J Pediatrics 2024;183:1353-1360.
62. Mangioni D, Peri AM, Rossolini GM, et al. Toward rapid sepsis diagnosis and patient stratification: What’s new from microbiology and omics science. J Infect Dis 2020;221:1039-1047.
63. Niederman MS, Baron RM, Boudma L, et al. Initial antimicrobial management of sepsis. Crit Care 2021;25:307.
64. Liang SY, Kumar A. Empiric antimicrobial therapy in severe sepsis and septic shock: optimizing pathogen clearance. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2015;17:36.
65. Garnacho-Montero J, Gutierrez-Montero A, Escoresca-Ortega A, et al. De-escalation of empirical therapy is associated with lower mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock.
Intensive Care Med 2014;40:32-40.
66. Guo Y, Gao W, Yang H, Ma C, Sui S. De-escalation of empiric antibiotics in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock: A meta-analysis. Heart and Lung 2016;45:454-459.
67. Egi M, Ogura H, Yatabe T, et al. The Japanese clinical practice guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2020(J-SSCG 2020). J Intensive Care 2021;9:53.
68. Chaudhuri D, Nei Am, Rochwerg B, et al. 2024 focused update: guidelines on use of corticosteroids in sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and community acquired pneumonia. Crit
Care Med 2024;52:e219-e233.
69. Yan MY, Gustad LT, Nytro O. Sepsis prediction, early detection, and identification using clinical text for machine learning: a systematic review. J Am Med Informatics Association 2022;29:559-
575.
70. Fleuren LM, Klausch TLT, Zwager CL, et al. Machine learning for the prediction of sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy. Intensive Care Med 2020;46:383-
400.
71. Mostel Z, Peri A, Marck M, et al. Post-sepsis syndrome – an evolving entity that afflicts survivors of sepsis. Molecular Medicine 2020;26:6