54
Ateş ve Döküntülü Hastalıklar

1. Kang JH. Febrile Illness with Skin Rashes. Infect Chemother. 2015 Sep;47(3):155–66.
2. Juliano JJ, Cohen MS, Weber DJ. The Acutely Ill Patient With Fever and Rash. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds). Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases 9th ed. New York:
Churchill Livingstone; 2020: 801-817.
3. Kaye ET, Kaye KM. Fever and Rash. In: Kasper DL, Fauci AS (eds). Harrison’s Infectious Diseases. McGraw-Hill Education; 2017: 118-128.
4. Bobde S, Sohn WY, Bekkat-Berkani R et al. The Diverse Spectrum of Invasive Meningococcal Disease in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients: Narrative Review of Cases and Case Series. Infect
Dis Ther. 2024 Feb;13(2):251–71.
5. CDC. Meningococcal Disease and People Receiving Complement Inhibitors. 2024. [Internet]. [Erişim tarihi 10 Haziran 2024]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/risk-fac-
tors/receiving-complement-inhibitors.html
6. Gonzales Y Tucker RD, Addepalli A. Fever and Rash. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2024 May;42(2):303–34.
7. İnfektif Endokarditin Tanısı, Tedavisi ve Önlenmesi: Ulusal Uzlaşı Raporu [İnternet]. [Erişim tarihi 1 Haziran 2024]. Available from: https://www.klimikdergisi.org/tr/2021/01/05/infektif-en-
dokarditin-tanisi-tedavisi-ve-onlenmesi-ulusal-uzlasi-raporu//
8. Sensakovic JW and Smith LG. Fever and Rash. In: Cunha E by CB, editor. Schlossberg’s Clinical Infectious Disease. Third Edition. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press; 2022:119-123.
9. Moss WJ, Griffin DE. Measles. Lancet Lond Engl. 2012 Jan 14;379(9811):153–64.
10. Korman AM, Alikhan A, Kaffenberger BH. Viral exanthems: An update on laboratory testing of the adult patient. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017 Mar;76(3):538–50.
11. Leung AKC, Lam JM, Barankin B, Leong KF, Hon KL. Erythema Infectiosum: A Narrative Review. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2023 Apr 28;
12. Steere AC, Strle F, Wormser GP, Hu LT, Branda JA, Hovius JWR, et al. Lyme borreliosis. Nat Rev Dis Primer. 2016 Dec 15;2:16090.
13. Duygu F, Sari T, Gunal O, Barut S, Atay A, Aytekin F. Cutaneous Findings of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: a Study of 269 Cases. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2018 Nov 22;71(6):408–12.
14. Gisondi P, Di Leo S, Bellinato F, Cazzaniga S, Piaserico S, Naldi L. Time of Onset of Selected Skin Lesions Associated with COVID-19: A Systematic Review. Dermatol Ther. 2021 Jun;11(3):695–
705.
15. Zaborska M, Chruszcz M, Sadowski J, et al. The most common skin symptoms in young adults and adults related to SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. Arch Dermatol Res. 2024 May 31;316(6):292.
16. Sameni F, Hajikhani B, Yaslianifard S, et al. COVID-19 and Skin Manifestations: An Overview of Case Reports/Case Series and Meta-Analysis of Prevalence Studies. Front Med. 2020;7:573188.
17. Zhu P, Ji W, Li D, et al. Current status of hand-foot-and-mouth disease. J Biomed Sci. 2023 Feb 24;30(1):15.
18. Parikh R, Spence O, Giannelos N, Kaan I. Herpes Zoster Recurrence: A Narrative Review of the Literature. Dermatol Ther. 2024 Mar;14(3):569–92.
19. Khan G, Perveen N. Monkeypox: Past, Present, and Future. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2024;1451:1–20.
20. Patel A, Bilinska J, Tam JCH, et al. Clinical features and novel presentations of human monkeypox in a central London centre during the 2022 outbreak: descriptive case series. BMJ. 2022 Jul
28;378:e072410.
KIZAMIK
KAYNAKLAR
1. Moss WJ, Griffin DE. Measles. Lancet Lond Engl. 2012 Jan 14;379(9811):153–64.
2. GBD 2021 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021:
a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Lond Engl. 2024 May 18;403(10440):2100–32.
3. Lovett KR, Moss WJ. Measles (Rubeola). In: Kasper DL, Fauci AS (eds). Harrison’s Infectious Diseases. McGraw-Hill Education; 2017: 929-933.
4. Walther BA, Ewald PW. Pathogen survival in the external environment and the evolution of virulence. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2004 Nov;79(4):849–69.
5. Cherry JD. Ongoing Measles in the Developed and Developing World. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc. 2024 Apr 24;13(4):233–6.
6. Parums DV. A Review of the Resurgence of Measles, a Vaccine-Preventable Disease, as Current Concerns Contrast with Past Hopes for Measles Elimination. Med Sci Monit Int Med J Exp
Clin Res. 2024 Mar 13;30:e944436.
7. Rapid measles outbreak response critical to protect millions of vulnerable children [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jun 14]. Available from: https://www.who.int/azerbaijan/news/item/22-02-2024-ra-
pid-measles-outbreak-response-critical-to-protect-millions-of-vulnerable-children
8. Guerra FM, Bolotin S, Lim G, et al. The basic reproduction number (R0) of measles: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Dec;17(12):e420–8.
9. CDC. Measles (Rubeola). 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 14]. Clinical Overview of Measles. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/measles/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html
10. Krawiec C, Hinson JW. Rubeola (Measles). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 14]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/
NBK557716/
11. Griffin DE, Pan CH. Measles: old vaccines, new vaccines. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2009;330:191-212. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-70617-5_10. PMID: 19203111.
12. Rosen JB, Rota JS, Hickman CJ, et al. Outbreak of measles among persons with prior evidence of immunity, New York City, 2011. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 May;58(9):1205-10.
13. Hickman CJ, Hyde TB, Sowers SB, et al. Laboratory characterization of measles virus infection in previously vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. J Infect Dis. 2011 Jul;204 Suppl 1:S549-
58.
14. Wolfson LJ, Grais RF, Luquero FJ, Birmingham ME, Strebel PM. Estimates of measles case fatality ratios: a comprehensive review of community-based studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2009
Feb;38(1):192–205.
15. Sbarra AN, Jit M, Mosser JF, et al. Population-Level Risk Factors Related to Measles Case Fatality: A Conceptual Framework Based on Expert Consultation and Literature Review. Vaccines.
2023 Aug 21;11(8):1389.
16. Crecelius EM, Burnett MW. Measles (Rubeola): An Update. J Spec Oper Med Peer Rev J SOF Med Prof. 2020;20(2):136–8.
17. Measles – Vaccine Preventable Diseases Surveillance Manual | CDC [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 15]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt07-measles.
html
18. Strebel PM, Orenstein WA. Measles. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jul 25;381(4):349–57.
19. Roy F, Mendoza L, Hiebert J, et al. Rapid Identification of Measles Virus Vaccine Genotype by Real-Time PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 2017 Mar;55(3):735–43.
20. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases: Vitamin A treatment of measles. Pediatrics. 1993 May;91(5):1014–5.
21. Organization WH. Guide for clinical case management and infection prevention and control during a measles outbreak [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2024 Jun 14].
Available from: https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/331599
22. CDC. Infection Control. 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 9]. Isolation Precautions Guideline. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/hcp/isolation-precautions/index.html
23. McLean HQ, Fiebelkorn AP, Temte JL, Wallace GS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps, 2013: summary
recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Recomm Rep. 2013 Jun 14;62(RR-04):1–34.
24. Routine MMR Vaccination Recommendations: For Providers | CDC [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Jun 15]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/hcp/recommendations.html
25. Omer SB, Yildirim I. Further Evidence of MMR Vaccine Safety: Scientific and Communications Considerations. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Apr 16;170(8):567–8.
26. Hviid A, Hansen JV, Frisch M, Melbye M. Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccination and Autism: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Apr 16;170(8):513–20.
KIZAMIKÇIK (RUBELLA)
KAYNAKLAR
1. Winter AK, Moss WJ. Rubella. Lancet. 2022 Apr 2;399(10332):1336-1346.
2. Rubella vaccines: WHO position paper – July 2020 [Internet]. [Erişim tarihi 10 Haziran 2024]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-WER9527
3. Khanal S, Bahl S, Sharifuzzaman M, et al. Progress Toward Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Control- South-East Asia Region, 2000-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018
Jun 1;67(21):602–6.
4. Leung AKC, Hon KL, Leong KF. Rubella (German measles) revisited. Hong Kong Med J Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2019 Apr;25(2):134–41.
5. Camejo Leonor M, Mendez MD. Rubella. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 [Erişim tarihi 1 Haziran 2024]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/books/NBK559040/
6. Reef SE, Icenogle JP, Plotkin SA. The path to eradication of rubella. Vaccine. 2023 Dec 7;41(50):7525–31.
7. Otani N, Shima M, Ueda T, et al. Changes in the Epidemiology of Rubella: The Influence of Vaccine-Introducing Methods and COVID-19. Vaccines. 2023 Aug 12;11(8):1358.
8. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Sağlık İstatistikleri Yıllığı 2022 [Internet]. [Erişim tarihi 8 Haziran 2024]. Available from: https://dosyamerkez.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/48054/0/siy202205042024pdf.pdf
9. Zimmerman LA, Reef SE. Rubella (German Measles). In: Kasper DL, Fauci AS (eds). Harrison’s Infectious Diseases. McGraw-Hill Education; 2017: 934-938
10. Gershon AA. Rubella Virus (German Measles). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds). Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases 9th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2020: 2007-
2011.
11. Leung AKC, Hon KL, Leong KF. Rubella (German measles) revisited. Hong Kong Med J Xianggang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2019 Apr;25(2):134–41.
12. Bouthry E, Picone O, Hamdi G, Grangeot-Keros L, Ayoubi JM, Vauloup-Fellous C. Rubella and pregnancy: diagnosis, management and outcomes. Prenat Diagn. 2014 Dec;34(13):1246–53.
13. Routine MMR Vaccination Recommendations: For Providers | CDC [Internet]. 2023 [Erişim tarihi 14 Haziran 2024]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mmr/hcp/recom-
mendations.html
14. van den Boogaard J, de Gier B, de Oliveira Bressane Lima P, et al. Immunogenicity, duration of protection, effectiveness and safety of rubella containing vaccines: A systematic literature review
and meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2021 Feb 5;39(6):889–900.
15. Nyaku M, Richardson E, Martinon-Torres F, Kuter BJ. Evaluation of the Safety and Immunogenicity of M-M-RII (Combination Measles-mumps-rubella Vaccine): Clinical Trials of Healthy
Children and Adults Published Between 2010 and 2019. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2021 Nov;40(11):1046.
ERİTEMA İNFEKSİYOZUM
KAYNAKLAR
1. Rogo LD, Mokhtari-Azad T, Kabir MH, Rezaei F. Human parvovirus B19: a review. Acta Virol. 2014;58(3):199–213.
2. Mietzsch M, Pénzes JJ, Agbandje-McKenna M. Twenty-Five Years of Structural Parvovirology. Viruses. 2019 Apr 20;11(4):362.
3. Plummer FA, Hammond GW, Forward K, et al. An erythema infectiosum-like illness caused by human parvovirus infection. N Engl J Med. 1985 Jul 11;313(2):74–9.
4. Jain A, Kant R. Genotypes of erythrovirus B19, their geographical distribution & circulation in cases with various clinical manifestations. Indian J Med Res. 2018 Mar;147(3):239-247.
5. Göral Ş, Yenicesu İ, Bozdayı G, Duyan Çamurdan A, Altay Koçak A. Parvovirus B19 seroprevalence in Turkish blood donors. Turk J Med Sci. 2018 Oct 31;48(5):956-960.
6. Gigi CE, Anumba DOC. Parvovirus b19 infection in pregnancy – A review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2021 Sep;264:358-362.
7. Brown KE. Detection and quantitation of parvovirus B19. J Clin Virol Off Publ Pan Am Soc Clin Virol. 2004 Sep;31(1):1–4.
8. Landry ML. Parvovirus B19. Microbiol Spectr. 2016 Jun;4(3).
9. Brown KE. Parvovirus Infections. In: Kasper DL, Fauci AS (eds). Harrison’s Infectious Diseases. McGraw-Hill Education; 2017: 764-768.
10. Kerr JR. The role of parvovirus B19 in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and autoimmune disease. J Clin Pathol. 2016 Apr;69(4):279–91.
11. Mendes-de-Almeida DP, Bokel JPB, Alves ADR, et al. Clinical Presentation of Parvovirus B19 Infection in Adults Living with HIV/AIDS: A Case Series. Viruses. 2023 May 8;15(5):1124.
12. Kostolansky S, Waymack JR. Erythema Infectiosum. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 8]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/books/NBK513309/
13. Plentz A, Hahn J, Holler E, Jilg W, Modrow S. Long-term parvovirus B19 viraemia associated with pure red cell aplasia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Virol Off Publ Pan
Am Soc Clin Virol. 2004 Sep;31(1):16–9.
14. Kang JH. Febrile Illness with Skin Rashes. Infect Chemother. 2015 Sep;47(3):155–66.
15. Manaresi E, Gallinella G. Advances in the Development of Antiviral Strategies against Parvovirus B19. Viruses. 2019 Jul 18;11(7):659.
16. CDC. Infection Control. 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 9]. Isolation Precautions Guideline. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/hcp/isolation-precautions/index.html
17. Chandramouli S, Medina-Selby A, Coit D, et al. Generation of a parvovirus B19 vaccine candidate. Vaccine. 2013 Aug 20;31(37):3872-8
ROSEOLA İNFANTUM
KAYNAKLAR
1. Caserta MT, Mock DJ, Dewhurst S. Human herpesvirus 6. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2001 Sep 15;33(6):829–33.
2. Miyazaki Y, Namba H, Torigoe S, et al. Monitoring of human herpesviruses-6 and -7 DNA in saliva samples during the acute and convalescent phases of exanthem subitum. J Med Virol. 2017
Apr;89(4):696-702.
3. Kittaka S, Hasegawa S, Ito Y, et al. Serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 in human herpesvirus-6-infected infants with or without febrile
seizures. J Infect Chemother Off J Jpn Soc Chemother. 2014 Nov;20(11):716–21.
4. Abdel Massih RC, Razonable RR. Human herpesvirus 6 infections after liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Jun 7;15(21):2561–9.
5. Mullins TB, Krishnamurthy K. Roseola Infantum. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 13]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
books/NBK448190/
6. Tesini BL, Epstein LG, Caserta MT. Clinical impact of primary infection with roseoloviruses. Curr Opin Virol. 2014 Dec;9:91–6.
7. Kampouri E, Handley G, Hill JA. Human Herpes Virus-6 (HHV-6) Reactivation after Hematopoietic Cell Transplant and Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)- T Cell Therapy: A Shifting
Landscape. Viruses. 2024 Mar 24;16(4):498.
8. Pellett Madan R, Hand J, AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Human herpesvirus 6, 7, and 8 in solid organ transplantation: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplan-
tation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant. 2019 Sep;33(9):e13518.
9. Prichard MN, Whitley RJ. The development of new therapies for human herpesvirus 6. Curr Opin Virol. 2014 Dec;9:148–53.
SU ÇİÇEĞİ VE ZONA
KAYNAKLAR
1. Whitley RJ. Varıcella-Zoster Vırus Infectıons. In: Kasper DL, Fauci AS (eds). Harrison’s Infectious Diseases. McGraw-Hill Education; 2017:747-751.
2. Walther BA, Ewald PW. Pathogen survival in the external environment and the evolution of virulence. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2004 Nov;79(4):849–69.
3. Varicella / Chickenpox | CDC Yellow Book 2024 [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jun 12]. Available from: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2024/infections-diseases/varicella-chickenpox
4. Haytoğlu Z. 2012-2017 Yılları Arasında Üniversite Hastanemizde Suçiçeği Nedeni ile Yatış Gerektiren Çocuk Olguların Değerlendirilmesi. Turk J Pediatr Dis. 2020 Mar 18;14(2):102–7.
5. Hope-Simpson RE. THE NATURE OF HERPES ZOSTER: A LONG-TERM STUDY AND A NEW HYPOTHESIS. Proc R Soc Med. 1965 Jan;58(1):9–20.
6. Elam-Evans LD, Valier MR, Fredua B, et al. Celebrating 25 Years of Varicella Vaccination Coverage for Children and Adolescents in the United States: A Success Story. J Infect Dis. 2022 Oct
21;226(Suppl 4):S416–24.
7. Harpaz R, van Hoek AJ. Point-Counterpoint: The Hope-Simpson Hypothesis and Its Implications Regarding an Effect of Routine Varicella Vaccination on Herpes Zoster Incidence. J Infect
Dis. 2018 Sep 22;218(suppl_2):S57–62.
8. Bialek SR, Perella D, Zhang J, et al. Impact of a routine two-dose varicella vaccination program on varicella epidemiology. Pediatrics. 2013 Nov;132(5):e1134-1140.
9. Lopez AS, Cardemil C, Pabst LJ, et al. Two-dose varicella vaccination coverage among children aged 7 years–six sentinel sites, United States, 2006-2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014
Feb 28;63(8):174–7.
10. Marin M, Lopez AS, Melgar M, Dooling K, Curns AT, Leung J. Decline in Severe Varicella Disease During the United States Varicella Vaccination Program: Hospitalizations and Deaths, 1990-
2019. J Infect Dis. 2022 Oct 21;226(Suppl 4):S407–15.
11. Badur S, Senol E, Azap A, et al. Herpes Zoster Burden of Disease and Clinical Management in Turkey: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Infect Dis Ther. 2023 Aug;12(8):1937–54.
12. Soysal A, Gönüllü E, Yıldız İ, Karaböcüoğlu M. Incidence of varicella and herpes zoster after inclusion of varicella vaccine in national immunization schedule in Turkey: time trend study. Hum
Vaccines Immunother. 2021 Mar 4;17(3):731–7.
13. Varicella and herpes zoster vaccines: WHO position paper, June 2014. Releve Epidemiol Hebd. 2014 Jun 20;89(25):265–87.
14. Kawai K, Gebremeskel BG, Acosta CJ. Systematic review of incidence and complications of herpes zoster: towards a global perspective. BMJ Open. 2014 Jun 10;4(6):e004833.
15. Ayoade F, Kumar S. Varicella-Zoster Virus (Chickenpox). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 12]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/books/NBK448191/
16. Shah HA, Meiwald A, Perera C, Casabona G, Richmond P, Jamet N. Global Prevalence of Varicella-Associated Complications: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Infect Dis Ther. 2024
Jan;13(1):79–103.
17. Harger JH, Ernest JM, Thurnau GR, et al. Frequency of congenital varicella syndrome in a prospective cohort of 347 pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Aug;100(2):260–5.
18. Singh S, Sharma A, Rahman MM, Kasniya G, Maheshwari A, Boppana SB. Congenital and Perinatal Varicella Infections. Newborn Clarksville Md. 2022;1(3):278–86.
19. CDC. Chickenpox (Varicella). 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 12]. Breakthrough Varicella Fact Sheet. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/chickenpox/hcp/communication-resources/break-
through-varicella-infographic.html
20. Dworkin RH, Johnson RW, Breuer J et al. Recommendations for the management of herpes zoster. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jan 1;44 Suppl 1:S1-26
21. Fujiwara T, Uraguchi K. Antiviral treatment for Ramsay Hunt syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2024 Jun;51(3):488–91.
22. Wilson DA, Yen-Lieberman B, Schindler S, Asamoto K, Schold JD, Procop GW. Should varicella-zoster virus culture be eliminated? A comparison of direct immunofluorescence antigen
detection, culture, and PCR, with a historical review. J Clin Microbiol. 2012 Dec;50(12):4120-2.
23. Whitley RJ. Chickenpox and Herpes Zoster (Varicella-Zoster Virus). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds). Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases 9th ed. New York: Churchill
Livingstone; 2020: 1849-1855
24. Gnann Jr. JW. Antiviral therapy of varicella-zoster virus infections. In: Arvin A, Campadelli-Fiume G, Mocarski E, Moore PS, Roizman B, Whitley R, et al., editors. Human Herpesviruses:
Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis [Internet]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007 [cited 2024 Jun 13]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK47401/
25. Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L, Health Care Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious
Agents in Health Care Settings. Am J Infect Control. 2007 Dec;35(10 Suppl 2):S65-164.
26. Infection Control in Healthcare Personnel: Infrastructure and Routine Practices for Occupational Infection Prevention and Control Services (2019). Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/infec-
tion-control/media/pdfs/Guideline-Infection-Control-HCP-H.pdf
27. Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Marchione P, Debalini MG, Demicheli V. Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 22;11(11):CD004407.
28. Moro PL, Leung J, Marquez P, et al. Safety Surveillance of Varicella Vaccines in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, United States, 2006-2020. J Infect Dis. 2022 Oct 21;226(Suppl
4):S431–40.
29. de Oliveira Gomes J, Gagliardi AM, Andriolo BN, et al. Vaccines for preventing herpes zoster in older adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Oct 2;10(10):CD008858.
30. Parikh R, Singer D, Chmielewski-Yee E, Dessart C. Effectiveness and safety of recombinant zoster vaccine: A review of real-world evidence. Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2023 Dec
15;19(3):2263979.
31. Herpes Zoster Shingrix Vaccine Recommendations | CDC [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 13]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/shingles/hcp/shingrix/recommendations.
html
32. Macartney K, Heywood A, McIntyre P. Vaccines for post-exposure prophylaxis against varicella (chickenpox) in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jun 23;2014(6):CD001833.
33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Updated recommendations for use of VariZIG–United States, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013 Jul 19;62(28):574–6.
KIZIL
KAYNAKLAR
1. Lee CF, Cowling BJ, Lau EHY. Epidemiology of Reemerging Scarlet Fever, Hong Kong, 2005-2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Oct;23(10):1707–10.
2. Andrey DO, Posfay-Barbe KM. Re-emergence of scarlet fever: old players return? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2016 Aug;14(8):687–9.
3. Kurt-Azap Ö. Invasive Group A Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcal (iGAS) Infections: Is There a Public Health Threat? Infect Dis Clin Microbiol. 2023 Mar;5(1):63–5.
4. Hurst JR, Brouwer S, Walker MJ, McCormick JK. Streptococcal superantigens and the return of scarlet fever. PLOS Pathog. 2021 Ara;17(12):e1010097.
5. Wessels MR. Pharyngitis and Scarlet Fever. In: Ferretti JJ, Stevens DL, Fischetti VA, editors. Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations [Internet]. Oklahoma City (OK):
University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; 2016 [cited 2024 Jun 9]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK333418/
6. Lamagni T, Guy R, Chand M, et al. Resurgence of scarlet fever in England, 2014-16: a population-based surveillance study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Feb;18(2):180–7.
7. Liu Y, Chan TC, Yap LW, et al. Resurgence of scarlet fever in China: a 13-year population-based surveillance study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Aug;18(8):903–12.
8. Park DW, Kim SH, Park JW, et al. Incidence and Characteristics of Scarlet Fever, South Korea, 2008-2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Apr;23(4):658–61.
9. Wessel MR. Streptococcal Infections. In: Kasper DL, Fauci AS (eds). Harrison’s Infectious Diseases. McGraw-Hill Education; 2017: 424
10. Brouwer S, Rivera-Hernandez T, Curren BF, et al. Pathogenesis, epidemiology and control of Group A Streptococcus infection. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023 Jul;21(7):431–47.
11. Pardo S, Perera TB. Scarlet Fever. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 10]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/
NBK507889/
12. Di Pietro GM, Marchisio P, Bosi P, Castellazzi ML, Lemieux P. Group A Streptococcal Infections in Pediatric Age: Updates about a Re-Emerging Pathogen. Pathog Basel Switz. 2024 Apr
24;13(5):350.
13. Shulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, Gerber MA, Kaplan EL, Lee G, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by
the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2012 Nov 15;55(10):1279–82.
14. Dalal SS. Clinical score and rapid antigen detection test to guide antibiotic use for sore throats: randomised controlled trial of PRISM (primary care streptococcal management). Med J Armed
Forces India. 2014 Apr;70(2):185.
15. Spinks A, Glasziou PP, Del Mar CB. Antibiotics for treatment of sore throat in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 9;12(12):CD000023
16. Managing scarlet fever. Drug Ther Bull. 2017 Sep;55(9):102.